任務分派:任一種取向的推薦軟體或平台的入門介紹。
資料科學取向
使用提供整合開發環境(IDE)的軟體,創造管理資料前置處理及分析的程式碼。
R + Rstudio
Python + Jupyter
Many programming languages + Visual Studio Code
自由軟體取向
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決定樣本數可行方式
collecting data from (an) almost the entire population
choosing a sample size based on resource constraints
performing an a-priori power analysis
planning for a desired accuracy
using heuristics
explicitly acknowledging the absence of a justification.
設定效果量的可行方式
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任務分派:介紹與評論「談培根的實驗哲學」,談談科學方法如何形成科學知識,循環觀能不能完整認識科學方法。可以搭配Bråten et al.(2013)的問卷項目,輔助你提出的觀點。
開場的問卷調查說明(Bråten et al., 2013)
簡述心理學知識更新循環。引用自心理學實驗研究法~第1單元
親身走一趟科學知識的生產過程,你才能真正理解科學方法的本質,融會你從各種途徑學到的心理學知識,是如何產生及更新,獲得自主評價知識品質的能力。
參考文獻
Bråten, I., Ferguson, L. E., Strømsø, H. I., & Anmarkrud, Ø. (2013). Justification beliefs and multiple-documents comprehension. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 879–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0145-2 (全文請由google classroom下載)
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任務分派:待公佈
What is a Codebook? from University of Michigan
How to Use a Codebook from Princeton University Library
真實資料範例
Woodworth, R. J., O’Brien-Malone, A., Diamond, M. R., & Schüz, B. (2017). Web-Based Positive Psychology Interventions: A Reexamination of Effectiveness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22328
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Integrating incongruent stimuli may rely on alternative mechanism
" whether integrating speech information from (visual and auditory) modalities occurs automatically or requires attentional resources."
There are inconsistent evidence in the literature, but no studies assessed this questions by the comparison of congruent versus incongruent trials.
Indirect evidence from some behavior and fMRI studies suggested the integrating congruent and incongruent AV may reply on different mechanisms.( Grant and Seitz , 1998; Van Engen et al., 2017; Calvert, Campbell, & Brammer, 2000)
Responses for incongruent stimuli could be non-fusion or fusion.
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Language complexity
"information that people can easily process (e.g. simple language) is judged more favorably than information that is difficult to process (e.g., complex language; for a review, see Reber et al., 2004)."
Manipulations of processing fluency: "perceptually (e.g. small font; Gervais & Norenzayan, 2012) and conceptually (e.g. complex language; Shockley & Fairdosi, 2015; Shepherd & Kay, 2012)." This study focused on conceptual level ~ language complexity
effects of language complexity:
rating authors' intelligence (Oppenheimer, 2006) " The effect remained robust regardless of the actual quality of the essay, or prior beliefs about the quality of the essay."
fluent brand names have higher stock market prices
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precautionary principle: "an approach to mitigating societal harm that puts protections in place when there is a plausible risk."
general aggression model(GAM)
positive correlation: "... an appetitive social learning theory that proposes that repeated exposure to violent media increases the accessibility of aggressive thoughts, which in turn increases the probability of aggressive cognitive schema, emotions and behaviour."
" motivation research indicates many factors key to understanding games are often overlooked by GAM researchers, such as the observation that aggressive individuals gravitate towards violent games"
"violent games might foment player aggression in experimental studies not because they prime aggressive cognitive schema, but rather that they frustrate the basic psychological need for competence "
Meta-analytic studies of GAM
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教學說明
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814. full text
Two experiments (modeled after J. Deese's 1959 study) revealed remarkable levels of false recall and false recognition in a list learning paradigm. In Exp 1, Ss studied lists of 12 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake); each list was composed of associates of 1 nonpresented word (e.g., sleep). On immediate free recall tests, the nonpresented associates were recalled 40% of the time and were later recognized with high confidence. In Exp 2, a false recall rate of 55% was obtained with an expanded set of lists, and on a later recognition test, Ss produced false alarms to these items at a rate comparable to the hit rate. The act of recall enhanced later remembering of both studied and nonstudied material. The results reveal a powerful illusion of memory: People remember events that never happened.
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Report
preprint: https://osf.io/c7mwu/
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