開關

開關的作用

開關是一種可以控制電流通過與不通,或流到其他電路的電子元件。
「閉路」(close)表示電子接點相連,允許電流流過;「開路」(open)表示電子接點不導通形成開路,不允許電流流過。

NC(nomal close)開關是指平時電流可通過,按下按鈕時斷電的開關;NO(nomal open)開關平時電流不通,按下按鈕才通電。

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上圖的開關有三個接腳,分別是COM、NO和NC。COM(common)接腳是共同的接腳,可以和NC或NO連通;沒有按下開關時,COM和NC是通路,和NO斷路;按下後COM和NO通路,和NC斷路。

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如圖,上面是沒有按開關時的電路,下面是按下開關後的電路。


常見的開關及按鈕

微動開關(微動)

以很小的力量就可以觸動微動開關,將信號傳遞出去。這種開關可以用在滑鼠上,也可以裝在機器上用來偵測機器是不是有碰撞到障礙物或邊界外牆。
當需要定位直線運動機構的原點時,亦可以利用微動開關進行機械性的接觸來檢測,這種裝置稱為限位開關

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船型開關(開關)

船型開關常被用來控制機器的主電源,按下時會擺動,擺動時一邊會升起,另一邊會是壓下的,並且能控制電流的開啟或者是關閉。

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輕觸開關(按鈕)

輕觸開關通常用來提供觸發信號,指的是只在按下時提供一瞬間的導通訊號,當放手後,開關內部機械結構會把按鍵彈回到原始位置,開關內部接點也會回復成初始的斷開狀態。
這種按鈕可以在arduino等開發板上看到作為Reset按鈕

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緊急開關

每一台機器都必須有緊急開關。緊急開關的功能是讓控制機器的人員能快速地手動停止整個機台運作,以免發生問題後擴大災難。緊急開關的電路位置的電路位置是放在電源正極處開始時的位置,並與後面電路串聯,保證按他時能最迅速的斷掉電流。正常使用的方式是:按下開關->電路開;轉開旋鈕->電路關。
通常緊急開關會很醒目,也會放在容易按壓的位置。

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接點彈跳(Bounce)

接點彈跳是一個在機械開關與繼電器上普遍的問題。開關與繼電器的接點通常由彈性金屬製成。當接點一起敲擊,接點在衝力與彈力一起作用下,導致彈跳部分在接點穩定前發生一次或多次。結果就是一個快速脈衝電流取代了從零到全電流的明確轉換。此效應在電源電路中通常不重要,但是在某些類比電路或邏輯電路上就會引起問題,因為這種快速開關反應足夠快到會導致上述電路將這類開關脈衝誤以為是資料流。

當壓下按鈕開關並隨即放開按鈕在我們看來只是按了一下開關,但是對於電路而言卻是經歷了數次甚至數十次的開開關關,這種不穩定的現象稱為彈跳 (bounce) 肇因於按鈕開關的機械結構,雖然這個現象只發生一瞬之間,但是可能足以造成電路誤動作。

理想中的按鈕訊號

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實際放出的訊號

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而Bounce也有可以解決的方式,大致分成從硬體或從軟體解決。例如從軟體可以利用時間延遲為依據判斷電位是否變化,硬體方面可以添加電容等。