Try   HackMD

國二下理化

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
內容架構

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

化學反應

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
定律

1.原子不滅:質量守恆、原子數守恆(反應前後)

2.比例固定:質量比固定、分子數比固定

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
計量單位

1.原子質量單位:原子量(amu)≒質量數

*原子量非SI單位，是以碳12作為基準的比較量
*1amu的大小約為一個質子或中子的質量

2.原子數量單位:莫耳數(mol)=6x1023

單位換算

➜ 一莫耳的質子或中子≒1公克

➜公克(g)=原子量(amu)*莫耳數(mol≒6x1023)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

:BULB:常見元素的原子量

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
反應式

1.係數比=分子數比=莫耳數比

（氣體反應時等於體積比）

2.總原子量比=質量比

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

氧化還原

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
氧化還原

定義:氧原子的得失的化學反應。

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
氧化還原中，氧化與還原同時進行

進行氧化反應的物質，稱為還原劑(還原別人)

進行還原反應的物質，稱為氧化劑(氧化別人)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
氧化還原的應用

高爐煉鐵

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

高爐煉鐵-製備反應

  • 2C+O2→2CO
  • CO2+C→2CO

高爐煉鐵-泥沙作用

  • 氧化鈣與礦石中的泥沙形成熔渣(可在表面防止鐵被氧化)

生鐵、熟鐵、鋼的比較

  • 含碳量:生鐵>鋼>熟鐵
  • 鋼加入鉻和鎳可形成不銹鋼

日常生活

  • 蠟燭燃燒(蠟燭氧化；氧氣還原)
  • 鐵生鏽 (鐵氧化；氧氣還原)
  • 高爐煉鐵 (煤焦氧化；鐵礦還原)
  • 呼吸作用 (葡萄糖氧化；氧氣還原)
  • 次氯酸鈉消毒水作用 (細菌氧化；消毒水還原)
  • 抗氧化劑作用 (抗氧化劑氧化；其他物質還原)
  • 漂白劑作用 (色素經氧化還原後變色)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
其他

燃燒為劇烈的氧化還原，不同元素燃燒有不同焰色。

  • 金屬氧化物溶於水為鹼性；非金屬氧化物溶於水為酸性
  • 銅不會燃燒，氧化之後會產生黑色的氧化銅

有些金屬氧化物質地緻密，防止內部持續氧化(鋁、鈦、鋅)

有些金屬活性大到存放在石油(鹼金族)；或地殼(鹼土族)

常見元素活性大小比較如下:

  • 活性:鉀>鈉>鈣>鎂>鋁>碳>鋅>鐵>鉛>銅>汞>銀>鉑>金

元素活性強，容易氧化，其氧化物較安定；元素活性弱，不易氧化，其氧化物較不安定

註

  • 次氯酸鈉消毒水加鹽酸會產生氫氣

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

酸、鹼、鹽

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
電解質:化合物、溶於水、會解離

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

電離說:由瑞典化學家阿瑞尼士提出

  • 電解質在水中會解離出帶電的離子or根離子
  • 電解質水溶液是電中性
  • 通電時，負離子往正極；正離子往負極

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

補充:鋅銅電池

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

電解-化學反應(惰性電極)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

電解-化學反應(電極參與反應)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

電化學反應順序

  • 還原反應(得到電子): Ag+>Cu2+>H+>Na+>K+
  • 氧化反應(失去電子): 正極金屬(Ag前)>Cl->OH->含氧酸根離子

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
酸與鹼

酸與鹼的通性

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

常見的酸

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →

食鹽+硫酸→生成鹽酸

鹽酸+含氯漂白水→生成氯氣

稀硝酸+銅→生成NO

濃硝酸+銅→生成NO2

硝酸混和鹽酸(1:3)=王水

工業排放硫、氮的氧化物，在大氣中形成硫酸、硝酸(酸雨)

常見的鹼

礦物質=無機鹽類

參考:https://hackmd.io/@Redust365/SJlvJsmYD

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
酸鹼濃度

1.體積莫耳濃度(M):每公升的溶液含有溶質的莫耳數

(註: 溶質量=溶液量x濃度)

2.pH值:若氫離子體積莫耳濃度=10-KM→pH值=K

(25oC時，氫離子的體積莫耳濃度[H+] x 氫氧根的體積莫耳濃度[OH-]=10-14)

  • 中性水溶液，[H+]=[OH-]=10-7，此時pH值=7
  • 酸性水溶液，[H+]>10-7；[OH-]<10-7，此時pH值<7
  • 鹼性水溶液，[H+]<10-7；[OH-]>10-7，此時pH值>7

加水稀釋酸和鹼:逐漸趨近中性

酸鹼示劑

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
酸鹼中和

酸鹼中和反應:酸性溶液和鹼性溶液混和時的化學反應(放熱)

酸鹼滴定

pH值變化曲線

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
常見的鹽類

(酸鹼中和、鹽類加酸等方法可製得鹽類)

註

  • 碳酸鈉的鹼性

  • 碳酸氫鈉的鹼性

反應速率

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
意義

反應速率=化學反應的快慢= 產量/時間 或 耗量/時間

(若產量固定，時間的倒數可表示反應速率)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
影響因素: 濃度、表面積、溫度(增加碰撞)、活性、催化劑

碰撞學說:化學反應中粒子必須互相碰撞，使原子重新排列

催化劑作用:增加反應途徑、參與反應後釋出(質量不變)

EX:二氧化錳分解

反應速率實驗

A.顆粒越小(接觸面積越大)，反應速率越快

大理石與鹽酸反應，產生二氧化碳

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

B.溫度越高，反應速率越快

硫代硫酸鈉與鹽酸反應，產生黃色的硫沉澱

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O

(S2O32- + 2H+ → SO2 + S + H2O)

Image Not Showing Possible Reasons
  • The image file may be corrupted
  • The server hosting the image is unavailable
  • The image path is incorrect
  • The image format is not supported
Learn More →
可逆反應平衡方向:判斷正逆反應的有利因素(反應物、環境)

正反應有利因素增加 → 反應往正反應

正反應有利因素減少 → 反應往逆反應

逆反應有利因素增加 → 反應往逆反應

逆反應有利因素減少 → 反應往正反應

可逆反應速率

補充

有機化合物

整理

力與壓力

力與壓力

現象 公式 應用
力會改變形狀(或運動狀態) 彈簧長度變化∝力的大小
摩擦力會防止物體滑動 正向力∝最大靜摩擦力(止滑)
力作用在平面上造成壓力 壓力=力/面積
物體泡在液體會受到液體壓力 液體壓力=液體密度x深度
物體泡在液體會受到向上的浮力 浮力=沉入體積x液體密度

浮力

浮力的定義

液體向上支撐物體的力(物體泡到液體)

基本計算:力平衡的方式計算

1.浮體:浮力=重力

2.潛體:浮力=重力

3.沉體:浮力=重力-支撐力

<註>物體質量=體積x密度(國二上)

<註>物體密度大於液體，則下沉；密度小於液體，則上浮(國二上)

浮力的公式

浮力受兩個因素影響:物體沉入體積、液體密度

物體沉入體積越多，浮力越大 EX:浮板飄在水上vs浮板壓進水中

液體本身密度越大，浮力越強 EX:浮板壓進水中vs浮板壓進鹽海

浮力公式:浮力=沉入體積x液體密度

浮力=沉入體積x液體密度

<註>沉入體積=排開液體體積(國二上)

浮力=排開液體體積x液體密度=排開液體重量

浮力的統整與應用

統整

浮力定義:液體向上支撐物體的力(物體泡到液體) *減輕

一個主要公式:浮力=沉入體積x液體密度 *排開液體重

兩個主要情況:

浮體:浮體的物重=浮力 沉體:沉體的體積=沉入體積

應用

質量50g、體積100cm3物體浮於水(密度1g/cm3)，求以下空白處之物理量

(浮力、沉入體積、物體密度)

浮力=沉入體積x液體密度 * 浮體物重=浮力

質量20g、體積5cm3物體沉入液體(密度2g/cm3)，求以下空白處之物理量

(浮力、沉入體積、物體密度)

浮力=沉入體積x液體密度 * 沉入體積=物體體積

質量100g、密度0.5g/cm3的球沉入水(1g/cm3)中，求以下空白處之物理量以及球泡在水面下的比例

浮體泡在水面下的比例=浮體密度/液體密度

沉入體積x液體密度=浮體體積x浮體密度
沉入體積/浮體體積=浮體密度/液體密度

密度2g/cm3的物體泡入水(1g/cm3)中彈簧秤顯示減輕10gw，求空白處之物理量

浮力=液體向上支撐物體的力(物體泡到液體)=物體減輕重量

密度2g/cm3的物體投入密度0.5g/cm3的液體中，液體排開了100g，求空白處之物理量

浮力=沉入體積x液體密度=排開液體體積x液體密度=排開液體重

補充:沉船時，浮力變(大/小)，物體沉入體積或液體排開體積變(大/小) * 易錯

補充:比較誰的浮力大

浮力=沉入體積x液體密度 * 浮體:浮力=物重

補充:浮力=沉入體積x液體密度 浮力變化=沉入體積變化x液體密度

Last changed by 
 
Redust365
0
1119
Published on HackMD