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養分與代謝

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人體中的營養

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養分的消化

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養分的吸收

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肝臟為身體的化學工廠，可負責生產、加工、解毒、排泄及儲存的功能。

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淋巴系統負責對抗疾病與感染，像網絡遍佈於全身，在血管週圍並深入器官。

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蛋白質的利用

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醣類的利用

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養分的運輸

1.人體血液循環

運輸方向:心室➡動脈➡微血管➡靜脈➡心房

❅血液:血球(紅血球/白血球/血小板)、血漿

❅血管:靜脈、微血管、動脈

❅心臟:心房、心室、瓣膜

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2.人體淋巴循環

❅淋巴液:含淋巴球，成分類似血漿

❅淋巴管:含瓣膜，藉周圍肌肉收縮

❅淋巴結:聚集淋巴球，可過濾淋巴液

運輸方向:微血管➡淋巴管、淋巴結➡靜脈

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人體中的運輸系統:

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血管比較:動脈、微血管、靜脈

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植物的養分

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多年生雙子葉植物:

根為軸根、莖的維管束為環狀且有形成層、葉脈為網狀脈。

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光合作用

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光合作用與呼吸作用

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植物的運輸部位

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生長、感應

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協調的機制

1.協調作用:刺激➡協調機制(神經or內分泌)➡身體反應

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2.神經系統

人類的神經系統

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神經系統的組成

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反應時間:受器接收刺激到動器反應的時間

  • 接尺實驗:視網膜➡視覺神經➡大腦/脊隨➡運動神經➡手部肌肉
  • 腳踩煞車:視網膜➡視覺神經➡大腦/脊隨➡運動神經➡腳部肌肉

感覺疲勞

1.溫度感覺疲勞:

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一邊感覺冷；一邊感覺熱

2.其他感覺疲勞:嗅覺疲勞/觸覺疲勞…

3.後像:正片後像vs負片後像

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內分泌系統

1.人體內分泌腺

  • 腺體會分泌激素(荷爾蒙)，由血液運輸至目標細胞
  • 激素過多或過少有會造成疾病

2.激素、功能與疾病

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  • 生長素:過多➡巨人症；過少➡侏儒症

  • 甲狀腺素:過多➡甲狀腺亢進；過低➡呆小症 (缺乏碘會造成甲狀腺腫大)

  • 副甲狀腺素:過多➡骨折；過少➡抽筋

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  • 胰島素:過少➡糖尿病

3.動物行為

目的

分類

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植物的感應

向性:利用生長素


膨壓運動:利用水分

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd4lLz2uHW6b2gbdq0rFoSp3xN_uLKEs8MKrZLlSEIhBGcu4A/viewform?usp=sf_link

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddoR0txfhHwpD1tuRUb2NSJaI7f4sG-6HSkXUuYKjW2KSDiQ/viewform?usp=sf_link

生殖與遺傳



人類的染色體(遺傳物質)

細胞內遺傳物質的變化





子代的基因遺傳:爸媽各給一半

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等位基因可能為顯性(A)、隱性(a)

其他重點

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生物組成

人體內臟、器官

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生物分類與演化

生物分類:由廣到細

演化:簡單到複雜

脊椎動物的比較


原核生物和原生生物比較


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物質的循環

參考 https://slidesplayer.com/slide/11064343/

補充

呼吸作用


糖、脂肪、蛋白質的有氧氧化成直接的供能物質ATP(運動能量)。


磷酸肌酸（Phosphocreatine, PC）會藉由肌酸激酶（Creatine Kinase）的催化分解為肌酸及磷酸，同時也會釋放出能量，而這過程產生的能量則可以幫助ADP重新合成為ATP

乳酸系統（Lactic Acid System）是肌肉細胞中ATP與PC將耗盡且運動需持續進行時會啟動的能量系統，簡單來說是將葡萄糖或肝醣經由醣解作用分解為丙酮酸（Pyruvic Acid）或乳酸（Lactic Acid），此作用同時會產生ATP供應身體所需。

腎臟

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1-mKpmLKL4

糖尿病

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IcJqmN2G4M

神經傳導

血球

分生組織

藍綠菌飄啊飄演化啊演化不小心登陸了
但當植物登陸以後，開始需要面對一個問題

如何支撐起植物體

在水中，因為水有浮力，所以植物能依靠水撐起身體，但是登陸之後，植物必須要想辦法支撐起自己的身體，才不會被壓垮或是被擋住陽光

於是植物開始出現解決的方法
一開始的小型植物，利用體內薄壁細胞的水壓，還能把自己的身體支撐住
但隨著植物越長越大，水壓已經不足以支撐了
因此經過了天擇後，留下了體內變異出木質化堅硬支持纖維的植物，而這些堅硬的支持纖維，我們就稱他它們為支持組織

厚角細胞，在顯微鏡下，它可以說是細胞壁加厚了的薄壁細胞，呈細長型
這種細胞通常是活細胞，因為它的細胞壁(特指初生細胞壁)會有不均勻的加厚，所以可以填滿細胞間的小縫隙
這種細胞的細胞壁加厚的成分含有大量的纖維素、半纖維素跟果膠，而且沒有經歷重度的的木質化
厚角細胞多數分佈在還有分生能力，還沒有成熟的初生組織，或是某些草本植物中，而這些細胞會集合成束，形成纖維

厚壁細胞，是一種重度木質化的死細胞
這種細胞的細胞壁會有大量的木質素沉積而木質化，而細胞在成熟後就會死亡
這種細胞可以再細分兩類，石細胞跟纖維細胞
石細胞是多邊形的細胞，像堅果的種皮等等就是由石細胞構成的，所以才會如此的堅硬。而纖維細胞則呈細長狀，一樣會集合成束，像亞麻纖維等等就是此種細胞
這種細胞會存在於成熟，不再分化或成長的組織中，提供他們強而有力的支撐

導管（vessel elements，vessel）

導管無細胞核和細胞質，導管是死細胞，導管上下細胞相接處的細胞壁消失，連接成爲細長的管子，具有毛細作用。孔紋導管的側壁上具有壁孔，壁孔處的細胞壁較薄，於是相鄰的導管便可藉壁孔使物質作橫向的交流。導管的主要功能為運輸水分。導管內的水分子由於凝聚作用而形成水柱，由根部維管束一直通到葉脈。水分在導管中爲單方向運輸，由根經莖到葉。被子植物的木質部具有導管和假導管；裸子植物的木質部具有假導管，不具導管。

穿孔板（madreporite）

導管由導管細胞連接而成，上下細胞相接處的細胞壁完全消失，或形成穿孔板。

壁孔（pit）

導管和假導管可分別利用管壁上的壁孔進行橫向運輸，將水分供給皮層和形成層等部位的細胞利用。壁孔並非開孔，壁孔處僅具有初生細胞壁、不具次生細胞壁，相鄰的導管藉壁孔使物質做橫向的交流。

假導管（管胞，tracheid）

假導管（又稱為管胞）是死細胞，無細胞核及細胞質，假導管的管壁增厚，由於增厚的部位不一，於是出現孔狀或螺旋狀等花紋；假導管的細胞兩端尖細，細胞與細胞間以尖細的末端彼此重疊。假導管的側壁上具有壁孔，壁孔處的細胞壁較薄，於是相鄰的假導管便可藉壁孔使物質作橫向的交流。被子植物的木質部具有導管和假導管；裸子植物的木質部具有假導管，不具導管。假導管的功用是輸送水分和無機鹽

參考影片

遺傳物質

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HocUBFrCQQ&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=12

細胞分裂與減數分裂

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2-1qy2W4_8&t=186s

細胞分裂

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npkcW0COHto&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=9

減數分裂

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKg1z4bZN9Q&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=1

生殖的意義

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSzNEbNv5xE&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=11

有性生殖vs無性生殖

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_SpnKPf_5o&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=3

動物的有性生殖1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yGAG_CyFMg

動物的有性生殖2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6raEa_gapiE

植物的有性生殖

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTvveXKzU_0&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=18

植物的生殖器官

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOwlSKhxAh8&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=15

人類的生殖

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9a2IOOQi6c

蛋的觀察

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIL5fn_5JfI&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=5

無性生殖

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEmQ3eSHPHE&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=7

營養器官生殖

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRVsAky69jc&list=PLm778hWdXOZk0XRqvBOSZwYDaTzFw7uw-&index=13

細胞無限制分裂

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFTloMpRXOg

孟德爾遺傳實驗

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKhdif_Xvj4&t=3s

遺傳法則

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=114sAhtz73E

人類性別的遺傳

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-enm_uHj1EE

人類膚色遺傳

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxzb6hJVpYI

血型遺傳

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy0Le1o_NH0

生物科技

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5cybvN9sLQ

補充


在多細胞生物中，一個幹細胞在分裂的時候，其子細胞的基因表達受到調控
變成不同細胞類型的過程。變成不同細胞類型的過程。

扦插 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8MOxCdx2bY

補充

族群數量的估算

各種生態系

生物間的交互作用

在生物間的交互作用中，請問哪一個圖形可代表互利共生所呈現出來的曲線？

能量的流動

物質的循環

生態保育

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