劉亮谷
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    2016q3 Homework2 (phonebook-concurrent) === contributed by <ktvexe> - [ ] concurrency 教材的認知 - [ ] 程式正確性驗證 - [ ] 效能分析實驗 (必須要有圖表) - [ ] 以及充份說明你如何改善效能 ## Code Refactoring [Martin Fowler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fowler) 在書中定義 Refactor 如下: > 在不改變軟體外部行為的前提下,改變其內部結構,使其更容易理解且易於修改 Refactoring之誤解- * 為軟體增加功能、改善安全性或是提升效能皆不能算上重構,其中改善效能算是最佳化,不是重構。重構的主要目的就是為了提升可讀性,以及為了日後有了需求的變化時,可以更容易因應修改或是擴充。 ## Lock-Free Programming 在An Introduction to Lock-Free Programming 一文中提到: programming without mutexes只是lock-free的一小部份,由下圖可以清楚了解重點在“locking up” ![image alt](http://preshing.com/images/its-lock-free.png) ## Concurrency Concurrency系列一文中提到: Concurrency是所謂的並行性,並不是Parallelism,正確的處理不同thread之間交互執行衍伸而來的問題,就是concurrency探討的方向。 在冼鏡光的[並行計算投影片](http://blog.dcview.com/article.php?a=BTgBYw1qUWIAaQ%3D%3D)中就舉了很好懂且生活化的例子,以下摘錄片段: 譬如說,一邊走路一邊講電話就同時做兩件事(走路和講電話),一邊寫報告一邊上網聊天也是如此。然而這兩個同時做兩件事的例子卻有著很微妙的差異,前者我們真的是在每一瞬間都是同時進行兩件事(走路和講電話);後者卻不然,大多人都是寫一段報告、就跳過去聊天、再寫報告、再聊天、等等,幾乎不可能在每一瞬間都同時在寫報告和聊天。 兩個例子中前者(兩件事齊頭並進)的處理方式叫做平行(parallel),後者在兩件事中交錯執行、但每一瞬間每件事都有點進展;並行(concurrent,此地採用國內的譯名)指的是交錯執行和平行兩者,所以並行比平行在意義上較廣。 ### user-level thread system 說到thread就會想到恐龍書中講到的LWP實作,那現在來討論以coroutine的方式實作thread。 比較一下coroutine與thread的差別: * thread的切換後暫停是靠context switch實現的,當然process也是,不過process context switch的成本又比thread更高,因為thread共用process的大量資源(相同address space),所以需要儲存的資料較少;而coroutine是沒有context switch的,所以理論上切換成本會最低。 * thread_create是有成本的,應該說再POSIX THREAD的實作下,這個成本應該是比coroutine還要來的大,這可以設計實驗(待續) ![image alt](https://hackpad-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/embedded2016.hackpad.com_K6DJ0ZtiecH_p.537916_1460615044111_undefined) 上面這張圖寫著thread拿來講coroutine實在讓人不舒服,但卻有表達出其意。 Knuth's coroutines: Knuth是偉大的電腦科學家,在Coroutines in C一文中提到,他提出的coroutine是一個拿掉了stack觀念的作法,且routine間不再有caller與callee的關係,是透過jump與儲存PC的方式實現;但作者提到這只能在assembl的層級實現,再Unix like的系統上實現並不實際。 Stack-based coroutines: 正因如此,以C語言的情況,必定有一者為caller,另一者為callee,直接舉例:在此我們希望能夠收到0~9的回傳值,很明顯下方的程式無法辦到這點。 ```clike= int function(void) { int i; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) return i; /* won't work, but wouldn't it be nice */ } ``` 所以在Coroutines in C中使用到goto與label這種接近assembly寫法的方式實現,這段程式碼很明顯沒有善用C語言的特性,使用了switch又用goto,而且應該會在i==10時出現問題。 ```clike= int function(void) { static int i, state = 0; switch (state) { case 0: goto LABEL0; case 1: goto LABEL1; } LABEL0: /* start of function */ for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { state = 1; /* so we will come back to LABEL1 */ return i; LABEL1:; /* resume control straight after the return */ } } ``` >本來想說會出現問題停掉,結果發現這段程式根本不會停,將asm倒出來看看。[name=劉亮谷] ```asm= cmpl $1, %eax je .L10 jmp .L2 .L9: nop .L2: movl $0, i.2286(%rip) jmp .L6 .L8: movl $1, state.2287(%rip) movl i.2286(%rip), %eax jmp .L1 .L10: nop .L5: movl i.2286(%rip), %eax addl $1, %eax movl %eax, i.2286(%rip) .L6: movl i.2286(%rip), %eax cmpl $9, %eax jle .L8 .L1: popq %rbp .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8 ret .cfi_endproc ``` Duff's device: ```clike= switch (count % 8) { case 0: do { *to = *from++; case 7: *to = *from++; case 6: *to = *from++; case 5: *to = *from++; case 4: *to = *from++; case 3: *to = *from++; case 2: *to = *from++; case 1: *to = *from++; } while ((count -= 8) > 0); } ``` ## SuperMalloc ## mmap 在linux下使用mmap實在是相當方便,看到linux manual,除了解決memory management 的問題外,還因為是VMA,所以使用fd讀寫時已經確保過image segamentation正確,這如果是在FreeRTOS上就會是相當大的工程。 `void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,int fd, off_t offset);` `int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);` 所以在append時,下方第12行不需要再做malloc的動作,因為已經使用過mmap獲取空間與紀錄尾端位址。 ```clike= append_a *new_append_a(char *ptr, char *eptr, int tid, int ntd, entry *start) { append_a *app = (append_a *) malloc(sizeof(append_a)); app->ptr = ptr; app->eptr = eptr; app->tid = tid; app->nthread = ntd; app->entryStart = start; app->pHead = (app->pLast = app->entryStart); return app; } ``` 說到append就想到在找mmap末端時,`main`中使用`fsize()`取得檔案大小: `off_t fs = fsize(ALIGN_FILE);` 這個fs取名取的過於簡略,影響閱讀,先換成fileOffset。 同樣的問題發生在append_a上,將其修改 ```clike= typedef struct _append_a { char *ptr; char *ptrEnd; int threadId; int threadNum; entry *entryStart; entry *pHead; entry *pLast; } append_a; ``` ## Asynchronous ## Execution **threadNUM= 4** ``` orig: execution time of append() : 0.049369 sec execution time of findName() : 0.006308 sec opt: size of entry : 24 bytes execution time of append() : 0.004550 sec execution time of findName() : 0.003804 sec Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt' (100 runs): 918,201 cache-misses # 53.284 % of all cache refs 2,158,402 cache-references 291,523,621 instructions # 1.31 insns per cycle 271,427,123 cycles 0.252327449 seconds time elapsed ( +- 2.08% ) ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/heIWRVo.png) **threadNUM=2** ``` size of entry : 136 bytes execution time of append() : 0.049411 sec execution time of findName() : 0.005607 sec size of entry : 24 bytes execution time of append() : 0.004385 sec execution time of findName() : 0.001574 sec Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt' (100 runs): 481,146 cache-misses # 54.327 % of all cache refs 803,873 cache-references 272,596,218 instructions # 1.47 insns per cycle 182,661,768 cycles 0.249541210 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.79% ) ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/MJDsxK0.png) **threadNUM=1** ``` size of entry : 136 bytes execution time of append() : 0.050384 sec execution time of findName() : 0.005666 sec size of entry : 24 bytes execution time of append() : 0.006198 sec execution time of findName() : 0.003526 sec ``` ![](https://i.imgur.com/lcWA0XJ.png) 執行後先來確認正確性,原先想寫個輸出append結果的function,結果發現header中已經有了`show_entry()`,就直接拿來加寫檔功能。 輸出後先下`sort`在用`colordiff`來進行比較,結果如下: ```shell $ sort new.txt >sort_new.txt $ colordiff sort_new.txt dictionary/words.txt 0a1,4 > aaaa > aaaaa > aaaaaa > aaaaaaa ``` 看到結果會發現append少了前頭的4個elements,這是在thread=4的情況下。 那將thread=2來diff看看。 ```shell= $ sort new.txt >sort.txt $ colordiff sort.txt dictionary/words.txt 0a1,2 > aaaa > aaaaa ``` 就只有前頭兩個elements缺少,看到這應該就可以知道是哪裡出錯。 一開始再trace code時,就覺得這邊有點不直覺,直接append上`pHead->pNext`,想說應該是某個地方有處理過head,看到diff結果就直接對此處進行改寫,直接append pHead。 ```clike= if (i == 0) { pHead = app[i]->pHead->pNext; dprintf("Connect %d head string %s %p\n", i, app[i]->pHead->pNext->lastName, app[i]->ptr); } else { etmp->pNext = app[i]->pHead->pNext; dprintf("Connect %d head string %s %p\n", i, app[i]->pHead->pNext->lastName, app[i]->ptr); ``` 在trace`debug.h`時發現有趣的東西 ```clike= #define eprintf(...) \ do { \ fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: "); fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); \ } while (0) #else ``` 這個 `do{}while(0)`我一開始不知道他的用途,就直接忽視,剛剛把他丟google後看到stackoverflow上有討論,覺得實在是太厲害的作法了,見識到真實世界的程式: 當在macro中有多個statement時,如下: ```clike= #define FOO(x) foo(x); bar(x) if (condition) FOO(x); else // syntax error here ...; ``` 注意上方bar()後方分號,如果改寫成下方形式,FOO後方就不能有分號,這都跟平常的C語言格式有所衝突: ```clike= #define FOO(x) { foo(x); bar(x); } if (condition) FOO(x) else ... ``` 所以才使用do{}while(0)改寫成: ```clike= #define FOO(x) do { foo(x); bar(x); } while (0) if (condition) FOO(x); else .... ``` `pthread_setconcurrency(THREAD_NUM + 1);` 然後來討論thread的使用: 這邊的`join`會使得所有的thread在等待最慢的一個thread,附上manu The pthread_join() function waits for the thread specified by thread to terminate. If that thread has already terminated, then pthread_join() returns immediately. The thread specified by thread must be joinable. ```clike= clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &mid); for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_NUM; i++) pthread_create( &tid[i], NULL, (void *) &append, (void *) app[i]); for (int i = 0; i < THREAD_NUM; i++) pthread_join(tid[i], NULL); ``` 所以改成thread pool:使用threadpool-mbrossard 結果: ![](https://i.imgur.com/Y5uKfrP.png) ```shell Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt' (100 runs): 793,725 cache-misses # 45.454 % of all cache refs 1,806,443 cache-references 290,825,345 instructions # 1.33 insns per cycle 220,308,926 cycles 0.244764659 seconds time elapsed ( +- 2.04% ) ``` 很明顯效能沒有改進,思考原因~ 在找原因時覺得append中的i,j可讀性也很差, 改寫`new append`與`append` ```shell= Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt' (100 runs): 437,951 cache-misses # 66.591 % of all cache refs 628,081 cache-references 304,163,942 instructions # 1.58 insns per cycle 187,373,621 cycles 0.249370244 seconds time elapsed ( +- 2.35% ) ``` 將`append`拆成row major與col major,對`append`而言,row major比較快,可是col major的cache miss 卻比較少。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QoN6R3P.png) ``` Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt_row' (100 runs): 420,299 cache-misses # 62.773 % of all cache refs 707,135 cache-references 305,033,514 instructions # 1.58 insns per cycle 208,815,659 cycles 0.247210751 seconds time elapsed ( +- 2.32% ) Performance counter stats for './phonebook_opt_col' (100 runs): 907,305 cache-misses # 49.503 % of all cache refs 1,813,183 cache-references 291,582,947 instructions # 1.29 insns per cycle 221,915,978 cycles 0.248214764 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.20% ) ``` ## Reference * [Locks, Mutexes, and Semaphores: Types of Synchronization Objects](https://www.justsoftwaresolutions.co.uk/threading/locks-mutexes-semaphores.html) * [An Introduction to Lock-Free Programming](http://preshing.com/20120612/an-introduction-to-lock-free-programming/) * [MMAP(2) Linux Programmer's Manual ](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mmap.2.html) * [do { … } while (0) — what is it good for? [duplicate]](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/257418/do-while-0-what-is-it-good-for)

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully