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    # 第三章 马克思主义作为一种日常生活批判的知识 by 张静儒 ## 引子 《纯粹理性批判》序言——首先批评康德只停留在对理性进行批判,而非对人进行批判(a critique of man)的层面。质问对于“隐藏世界(hidden world)”的寻找,而忽视日常生活。 ## 克尔凯郭尔的生活和存在主义哲学 1. 克尔凯郭尔的生平: 一个商人、暴发户的儿子。有财富、地位、学识,但是他有觉得生活无聊、空虚和焦虑。他拥有一切,也什么都没拥有,甚至不拥有自己的身体和意愿。列斐伏尔认为他的痛苦的来源,是源自“日常生活本身的面貌(这种面貌被资产阶级所塑造)和人类用尽一切力量去真正需求的生活之间的矛盾”。(p112 The conflict between everyday life as it is - as it has been made by the bourgeoisie - and the life which a human being actually demands, begs for, cries out for with all this strength.) 1. 克尔凯郭尔的解决方式: 建立了一种反判的哲学(reactionary philosophy),这种哲学是荒诞的、非理性的,是不依赖于知识的信仰。这种哲学宣判神学的信仰死了,形而上学的理性也死了。但人的生活还在继续,它们以一种新的、荒谬的、疯狂的形式继续,因为我们人类的根本困境并没有被解决。并且这种困境从原来的思想领域,扩张到了日常生活的领域。 其他日常生活批判的先锋:波德莱尔、陀思妥耶夫斯基、兰波 1. 改造理性批判(rational criticism): 他认为理性批判的运用不仅仅局限于纯粹理性(以康德为代表的德国古典哲学传统),还可以运用于日常生活的各方各面,包括人和其行动(以克尔凯郭尔为代表的存在主义思潮)。马克思和恩格斯已经指出,“纯粹的”理念具有实际的意义,它们源自于行动,源自生活。这种发展或者改造,使得康德和笛卡尔以来的批判理性变得具体、有生气、有建构性(concrete, active, and constructive)。 ## 对于无产阶级的日常生活批判 1. 无产阶级的日常生活性: 人的意识、人的境况、人的可能性还有生活的意义,都不取决于那些先验的东西,而是依赖于生活本身。一个现代的无产者并非是一开始就具有“完备的人类灵魂(ready-made human soul)”的人,他没有先天的被决定的本质。他只是被不幸的生活环境所造就。他首先是过着无产阶级的日常生活。如果他变得humanized,这是因为他成功地通过运气或者权力意志去超越了无产阶级的生活。 1. 无产阶级境况的二元性: 一方面,他们肩负着这种(缺乏物质的、被压榨剥削的)困境;但另一方面, 他们又因为接近生活和现实而被赋予了fundamental health和a sense of reality, 这是其他阶级缺失的。 无产阶级和资产阶级生活境况的根本区别。(The petty bourgeoisie and bourgeoisie ...[are] detached from practical creative activity.) 1. 超越自身生活境况: 认识到日常生活的真相,对日常生活的意识形态神秘性进行批判,揭露其如何控制人们的头脑而使人们无法正视日常生活的真相。马克思和恩格斯的方法论提供了一条将人“认为”自己是什么和自己“实际”是什么两者联系起来的路径: (1)通过观念走向人,通过意识走向存在、走向实践和日常现实,并由此通过行动和现实对思想进行批判(criticism of ideas by action and realities)。 (2)从日常生活出发,去探寻反映这种日常生活的思想是如何出现发展的。由此,我们可以通过思想对日常生活进行批判(criticism of life by ideas)。 1. 一个例子: 路易十四的皇家宫廷 1. 另一个例子: 无产阶级日常生活批判 ## 日常生活批判 马克思主义是一种日常生活批判的知识(a critical knowledge of everyday life)。 ### (1)个体性批判(核心主题:私人意识) 1. 私人意识的产生: 劳动分工是个体化的基础。 自我意识的产生——个人主义。将这种特性剥离掉个人的具体特质,进行抽象化、形式化、普遍化后,就得到了“私人意识”。 1. 私人意识的后果: “匮乏(privation)”和“被剥夺(deprived)”。 生活被“私人意识”分成了两极:工作与休息,公共生活与私人生活,公共场合和私密场合,理想和现实,奇迹和日常。与向外部世界扩张相反,“私人意识”让人不断地将自己的生活紧缩到内心世界,越是紧缩,越是体现“它自己”。 巴尔扎克——资产阶级生活的二元性特征:一方面形式上的个体化造成私人意识的强化和孤独的加剧;另一方面,人们在被卷入到物质追求中而被物化。 1. 个体性批判即对私人意识进行批判: 一个矛盾矛盾:现代社会生活一边让我们成为人,一边又让我们成为非人。对“私人意识”进行日常生活批判,揭示其社会的、历史的根源,通过在工作和工作的知识中、在社会和人的整体性中,进行实践和理论的批判,“私人意识”才可能被克服。 ### (2)神秘化批判(核心主题:被神秘化的意识) 1. 无产阶级的双重处境: 无产阶级虽然具有集体性的优势,但无法完全摆脱私人意识的问题。无产阶级不是自发就能拥有现成的本质和意识,而需要长期地不断斗争。 1. 个人主义作为一种资产阶级的阶级武器: 资产阶级把个人主义作为一种阶级武器来将无产阶级分裂成个体,从而阻挠无产阶级集体意识的形成。但讽刺的是,资产阶级本身也被这种个体主义所塑造,他们成为了一个个人主义者的阶级(a class of individualists)。 1. 神秘化批判即对个人主义的批判: 个人主义以“私人意识”为前提而存在,两者相互强化。但它们都并非是先验的、理所当然的,它们的根源并不在纯粹的理念中,而是在实际的生活中。 一旦这种个人主义因为物质的——政治或经济的——危机而发生崩塌,那么这些个体主义者们就极可能重新集合起来形成集体,但这种集体往往会带来非理性的狂热(a collective mental fever),比如“法西斯主义”就是典型的例子。

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