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    **董冰清** # 4 Lived and Living 活着和生活 ## 概要:讨论 “Lived活着” 和 “ Living 生活” 的关系。 * 第一段引子: 如何描述“活着”。 如果我们已经并要继续把“活着”的观念纳入我们的特定范畴,有一个先决条件:我们必须让它是辩证的。如果不是,“活着”将依旧在一种现象学的水平上,在描述直觉和柏拉图主义本体论之间摇摆。 * 第二段论述: 讨论了“活着”和对身份界定的意识。 1.自我层面。 2.他人层面。 3.社会层面。 首先我们已经辩证地界定了“活着”,它是实践意识的中心,但是很游移。因此自我意识不可能成为其中心。而对 “我” 的认识是从其他方面而来。有些时候是心里或生理层面的忽然放大,或者一些奇怪的动机,从最微妙的欲望里产生(按:自我层面得出)。有些时候是从人际关系里得出的,对差异性的认识和对他人的渴望让我们意识到“我”,有时候会意识到“我们”(按:他人层面得出)。另外就是“他们”或者“个体”,这是从对规范、象征、表现或者是那些常规的行为形式的崇拜里体现的(按:社会层面得出)。 * 第三段论述: 个人意识和社会意识的复杂性是无限的。 个人意识和社会意识的复杂程度堪比一片最小的自然物质或者整个社会本身,也就是无限复杂。哪里都有。(按:文学化地论述了一下。) * 第四段论述: 以上论述的总体便集合成了 “Living生活”, 而 “Lived活着” 是一个挡箭牌。 我们要重建“活着/生活”的辩证运动,这包含了日常和社会意识。传统理论中的“意识”被缩减成了“我”,这忽视了冲突。不论在自然的黑暗面或者是社会视野上“生活”都是没有明确界限的,“活着”被召唤出来激发它,因此在这种不稳定且猛烈的情况下,“活着”就像游民的帐篷一样脆弱。因为它又是一种“完成”或者是“即将完成”的状态,所以将一直是令人失望并且衰退的存在。 * 第五段结论: The lived is the present, living is presence. “活着”和“生活”的冲突不可避免,它组成了我们个人和社会的意识本身。“活着”作为一种完成状态,也就是我们所说的现实,而“生活”则是一种存在。但“活着”并不是“生活”的固定结果,“活着”或者死亡都是由“生活”中产生的,而这个“生活”并不是属于我本身的,它是一种存在而已。尽管“活着”和“日常everyday”很接近,但他们并不完全一致,而“生活”也是在“日常”中的。“活着”在本质上是戏剧性的,“生活”是戏本身,“活着”是戏化(“However, we must make a distinction between its real drama and the dramatizations which it accrues.”)。在社会生活中这种现象无处不在,我们用符号象征和表现放大了“活着”,比方说哀悼、葬礼、婚礼或者邂逅,这种在“活着”和“生活”之间的不断转变是我们日常的表象。 # 5 The spontaneous 自发性 ## 概要:什么是自发性。 * 第一段引子: “自发性”不应被贬低。 对“活着”的论述引出了对“自发性”的论述,这是被理性主义和超验哲学贬低的。 * 第二段论述: 自发性的存在状态。 自发性的复原并不会失去对其自身的批评。自发性在日常和政治中存在很弱,这对现实造成了某些基础方面的真空。但自发性不总是富有创造性的,它会犯错。自发与不自发会融合。 * 第三段论述: 自发性存在的另一种解释。 不论在意识或者外部世界中,我们从未达到过纯自然或者绝对存在。自发性早已是社会的一部分,但不是社会本身。日常使它有立足之地并且持续存在,自发性只是社会中的一个元素而已。它出现、活跃、成长、衰退、然后消亡在日常中。 # 6 The idea of ambiguity “暧昧”的概念 * 第一段引子: 暧昧在日常中普遍存在并且危害到了活着与生活。 我们去掉本体论的成见,这种观念便会有广阔的应用空间。人类生活在暧昧的状态里,只要一个问题不是马上施压和即刻显现,人类就选择忽视它们。这会冲击到意识本身(意识:意识经常同时指代社会及个人,但这两者本身是冲突的)。当它表现为一种限定的的稳固状态时人们就满意了,但它会像囊肿一样长大,变为一种存在,整体的悲剧就被小细节的喜剧掩盖了,因为没有什么重要的东西处在险境。组织中人和人之间的关系,组织和组织之间的关系,都非戏剧化了。在狭隘的态度和空洞的理念中摇摆:嫉妒,协议和争执,客套掩盖着竞争和崇拜。虚幻的公正和误导的客观取代了热情。而人们不谈论它,任由陈词滥调泛滥。暧昧的领域既是日常琐事的领域。活着和生活中的各种元素似乎都处在一个分道扬镳的点上。 * 第二段: 暧昧与矛盾ambivalent/ambivalence的不同。. 暧昧和矛盾不容易区分。暧昧属于社会范畴,由对立contradictions(按:也就是上一段论述的)产生的。矛盾是由包含着问题与对立的个体意识中产生的,这个个体走投无路,他要选择这个那个,爱与恨,屈服或自由等,他就算做了决定也不有效。暧昧是一种状态,他不想且未到零界点去解决问题。 * 第三段: 暧昧充斥着日常生活,或者说暧昧就是日常生活的特性。家庭,亲人之间的关系是既有形式,二十年前人们认为工业社会及无产阶级革命会消解掉家庭这种模式,并将家庭功能分配至社会。但事实上却赋予了家庭本身更多的功能。(按:这里提出一个非常有意思的点,作者问了一句Has the family regained its educational function? 这里背后的意思是,社会已经剥夺了家庭的教育功能,以及其他。)在整个历史上社会赋予了家庭各种形式:父权家庭、封建家庭、资本家庭、工人家庭、社会主义家庭。如果从意识形态与文化来分类:伊斯兰家庭、基督教家庭和世俗家庭。

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