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    # Lefebvre_What is Possible *Critique of Everyday Life* Vol.1 Ch.6 寫於1945年8-12月,土魯斯(法國西南部) 當時Lefebvre當任當地廣播電台Radiodiffusion Française的台長 ◎以下標記頁碼為讀本pdf的頁碼 ## 日常生活批判的積極意義 * 日常生活並非不可改變的。人類生活是雙重運動:會衰退也會進步。(p173) * 然而現今對「進步」的樂觀想法缺乏彈性和辯證的理解,這個過程中還有其他面向沒有顧及。進步不只是物質上和「道德」上的,生活的剝削(deprivation)和異化(alienation)則是另一面向。(p174) * 煤油燈和水力發電 ➡︎ 這些「進步」只是為了符合資本主義積累的邏輯。(p174) * Life is lagging behind what is possible. (p174) ![](https://i.imgur.com/z4a6Dgj.jpg) *[Oil for the Lamps of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OilfortheLampsofChina),1933年在美國出版的暢銷小說,左圖為書封,右圖為1935年改編的[同名電影](https://www.ritagiang.com/article.php?id=759)海報。* ## 權力的異化(p175-p176) * 人類的權力成為了少數人意志去掌握的權力。 * 權力自共同體(本身也被瓦解,組成共同體的個體成為一個一個原子)中被偷走,變成統治人類的權力,這個過程中,人類被剝奪任何真實的意識,他們變成了政治和經濟的工具。 ## 對無政府主義者的批判(p176) * 無政府主義者的失誤在於,只看到異化的形式,卻沒看到背後的社會關係。 * 無政府主義者對抗資產階級的方式落入私人意識的圈套,而偏偏私人意識本身就是資產階級的時代產物。 * 無政府主義者的思考排除了對人類生活可能的任何理解。 * Everything great and splendid is founded on power and wealth. They are the basis of beauty. This is why the rebel and the anarchic protester who decries all of history and all the works of past centuries because he sees in them only the skills and the threat of domination is making a mistake. He sees alienated forms, but not the greatness within. The rebel can only see to the end of his own ‘private’ consciousness, which he levels against everything human, confusing the oppressors with the oppressed masses, who were nevertheless the basis and the meaning of history and past works. Castles, palaces, cathedrals, fortresses, all speak in their various ways of the greatness and the strength of the people who built them and against whom they were built. This real greatness shines through the fake grandeur of rulers and endows these buildings with a lasting ‘beauty’. The bourgeoisie is alone in having given its buildings a single, over-obvious meaning, impoverished, deprived of reality: that meaning is abstract wealth and brutal domination; that is why it has succeeded in producing perfect ugliness and perfect vulgarity. The man who denigrates the past, and who nearly always denigrates the present and the future as well, cannot understand this dialectic of art, this dual character of works and of history. He does not even sense it. Protesting against bourgeois stupidity and oppression, the anarchic individualist is enclosed in ‘private’ consciousness, itself a product of the bourgeois era, and no longer understands human power and the community upon which that power is founded. The historical forms of this community, from the village to the nation, escape him. He is, and only wants to be, a human atom (in the scientifically archaic sense of the word, where ‘atom’ meant the lowest isolatable reality). By following alienation to its very extremes he is merely playing into the hands of the bourgeoisie. Embryonic and unconscious, this kind of anarchism is very widespread. There is a kind of revolt, a kind of criticism of life, that implies and results in the acceptance of this life as the only one possible. As a direct consequence this attitude precludes any understanding of what is humanly possible. ## 對法國文學的批判(p177-p179) ![](https://i.imgur.com/XJg9SF9.jpg) *圖片截自[New Masses](https://archive.org/stream/v01n05-sep-1926-New-Masses/v04n06-nov-1928-New-Masses#page/n29/mode/2up),1926至1948年美國共產黨辦的雜誌,除了向著名作家邀稿也會刊登普羅大眾的作品,Lefebvre在文中引用的詩就是一位紡織工Martin Russak所寫的。* * 當時美國和法國的處境 美:資本主義蓬勃發展,尚未遭遇危機。 法:經濟危機轉為政治上、社會結構上、文化上的危機,生活上的危機。 * 美國小說家書寫美國的貧困與奴隸制度,書寫現代生活中的矛盾,但法國文學仍是學術性的、抽象的、心理學上的書寫,脫離日常生活。 * 法國文學怎麼了? ➔ 沒有任何一部法國文學可以跟[史坦貝克《勝負未定》](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Dubious_Battle)(1936)匹敵 ➔ 沙特、紀德:匠人而無能 ➔ 小資產階級風格與虛偽的個體性。(p179) ## 對知識份子的批判(p180-181) * 「剝奪」的本質、私人意識和公共意識之間的關係在社會層次上的功能改變了。 * 這個關係在受過教育的人(culitivated man)身上經歷了倒置,對這些人來說,「他」的想法、文化都是他自身最親密的一部分。個體把思考承擔在自己身上,某個意義上是笛卡爾式的。 * 在個人主義、高度勞工分工和階級區分之下,對人類思維的假定(這是絕對必要的行動) ,在意識的倒置上找到了表達方式。「受過教育的」人忘記「他」思維的社會基礎。 * 在這樣的運動中要去達到對生活的意識,而不失去任何文化,首先的任務必須去打破這種限制的、狹隘的、錯誤的文化形式。 * 如何打破? The myth of the triviality of everyday life is dispelled **whenever what seems to be mysterious turns out to be really trivial, and what seems exceptional is exposed as manifestly banal.**(p181) ## 都市生活的本質(p181-p185) * 另一個問題:關於都市生活呢?在工業住區下的人的生活呢?在哪裡、如何以及在什麼樣的經驗下可以發現它的本質?(p181) 在集中營的經驗裡揭露了。 * 集中營的世界裡,荒謬與理性共存,理性是冷酷的、無人性的,理性是科學的暴行(scientific barbarity),詢問為什麼是一種折磨,只有當習慣最終殺了理性之後才會停止。(p183) * 習慣和熟悉漸漸侵蝕我們的好奇心,帶來的不是和平,而是漠不關心。(p183) * 我們唯一能覺察到自身理性的時刻,就是當理性抬頭來引起我們荒謬的感覺,並指出普遍無法回答的問題:「為什麼?」藏在人類理性之下的是不理性的現實,藏在荒謬之下的更深處是去人性化的理性。(p183) * 未解決的矛盾控制了在現代城市、工業住區中裡現代人的日常生活,當中最痛苦的矛盾是在荒謬與理性之間的。(p184) * 要了解現代人日常生活的世界,就得放棄那些道德教條創造的錯覺,連同放棄beneficail Reason和完全實現的個體性的錯覺。(p184) * 集中營主要的、重要的意義是:如果法西斯主義代表資本主義最極端的形式,那麼集中營就是最極端和突發的工業城市的住宅形式。(p185) ## 「量」的進步到「質」的進步(p185-186) * 缺乏想像力,這種缺乏來自缺乏(辨證的)理性,大多數人無法思考情況是真的可以改變的。但還是有作家去想像什麼是可能的。對未來的想像不能僅僅只是外在技術、工具上的「量」的改變,我們也必須要認知到「質」的改變,最重要的是:another attitude of the human being towards himself.(p185) * 人類文明的發展是不均衡的,首先發展的是自然科學,人類實在的科學則在自然科學之後,至於日常生活則未曾改變,甚至走下坡。(p185) * 越來越多人參與科學,參與掌控自然的權力、政治權力,但很少人能成功在全人(Total Man)的層次上去思考,在可能(the Possible)的層次上去思考。(p186) * 人類大多數藉由不完整的、單調的勞動來參與現實和可能,沒人能夠真正抓住勞動的全部意義和結果的可能是什麼。這些人無法打破社會限制去思考可能性,即使他們擔心或不滿足於現況,卻只能享受微不足道、碎片化的權力。現代人對自身是一無所知的,日常生活仍屬於馬克思主義理論家所稱的"uncontrolled sector"。現代的個體不只被剝奪了社會現實和真理,也被剝奪了對自我的權力。(p186) * 因此進步也將是質的進步,根據辯證的過程進步。 辯證過程包含了對象化(objectification)和主體化(subjectivization) 對象化:人類成為更社會的,理解到他自己位於一個社會的、物質的、人類客體的世界 主體化:更高度發展的意識,反思並意識掌握所有現實的權力 This dialectical progress supposes that the human individual will become the object (will take himself as the object) of certain infinitely delicate but efficacious techniques which will give him active power over himself qua content (and not simply as the empty form of individuality).(p187) ## 異化必須終止(p187) * 異化是經濟上的、社會上的、意識形態上的、哲學上的。 * it poses the question of the total man in its totality 哲學指出人的整體問題,以及在日常生活的層面上解決這個問題。哲學會發展成新的整體:知識、邏輯、方法學上的理論、想法的社會批判、生活的批判。哲學不在是獨立於行動和生活外,但哲學仍是哲學,找尋「世界的概念」,找尋生活整體性(living totality)。哲學取代自己,達到了更深層、更廣泛的哲學。 ## 對日常生活的批判的四個總結(p188-189) #### A.改變的可能性,逃離日常生活「衰退」的可能 > 一方面這將關乎如何能對於以往的「現代生活」有個有條不紊的對抗方式,另一方面,找尋能夠逃離生活或逃離「衰退」的方法與關鍵。關鍵是在相反的模式中找到可能性,讓新的模式發生,並豐富他的可能性。 #### B.日常生活的批判是辯證的 > 從這個角度來看,現實中的人類是呈現對立的,到達一定數量的條件下即顯現其對比: 日常生活 vs 節日慶典 大多的平常時刻 vs 非常、特殊時刻 瑣碎無聊的事物 vs 光鮮亮麗的事物 嚴肅認真 vs 輕鬆玩樂 現實 vs 夢想 日常生活的批判關乎在這些對比中做探討,這樣的對比意指了那些更優越的事物批判著瑣碎平日,但同時瑣碎也批判著優越,群眾批判著菁英,而現實則批判著節慶、夢想、藝術、詩。 #### C.哲學的使命 > 也必然包括現實生活與「表述」現實生活的道德規範、心理學、哲學、宗教、文學等的衝突。其中宗教是最直接、消極、毀滅的、沒完沒了而且最嫻熟的,以這個角度來看,宗教成了日常生活面罩,讓人們的樣貌更不真實,而哲學則是非直接的,透過外部(或隱喻的)「事實」對生活進行批判。 現今哲學家的任務是:學習哲學作為生活的間接批評,是感知(日常)生活哲學的直接批判。 > To study philosophy as an indirect critism of life is to perceive (everyday) life as a direct critique of philosophy. > 要让哲学成为直接的日常生活批判,就要感知到日常生活就直接的哲学批判。 #### D. 我們要的不是一種憐憫日常生活的心態,而是真正相信人類能被改變的人文主義。 > a humanism which believes in the human because it knows it 被挑選出來的「精華」,同時遺留下巨大而龐雜的不明物體,個體與群體的關係在現有的學科中都被過度簡化了,請回歸龐雜混沌的日常生活吧! ### 最後 > Lefebvre: When the world the sun shines on is always new, how could everyday life be forever unchangeable?

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