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    # 劳动异化  工人生产的财富越多,他的产品力量和数量越大,他就越贫穷。工人创造的产品越多,他就变成廉价的商品.物的世界的增值同人的世界的贬值成正比.劳动不仅生产商品,它还生产作为商品的劳动自身和工人,而且是按它一般生产商品的比例生产的。   这一事实不过表明:劳动所生产的对象,及劳动的产品,作为一种异己的存在物,作为不依赖于生产者的力量,同劳动相对立。劳动的产品就是固定在某个对象中,物化为对象的劳动,这就是劳动的对象化。劳动的现实化就是劳动的对象化。在被国民经济学作为前提的那种状态下,劳动…… 宗教方面的情况也是如此。人奉献给上帝的越多,他留给自己的就越少。工人把自己的生命投入对象:但现在这个生命已不再属于他而属于对象了……凡是成为他的劳动产品的东西,就不再是他本身的东西……工人在他的产品中的外化,不仅意味着他的劳动成为对象,成为外部的存在,而且意味着他的劳动作为一种异己的东西不依赖他而在他之外存在,并成为同他对立的独立力量:意味着他给予对象的生命做为敌对的和异己的东西同他相对立……   国民经济学以不考察工人(即劳动)同产品的直接关系来掩盖劳动本质的异化。当然,劳动为富人生产了奇迹般的东西,但是为工人生产了赤贫。劳动创造了宫殿,但是给工人创造了贫民窟。劳动创造了美,但是使工人变成畸形。劳动用机器代替了手工劳动,但是使一部分人回到野蛮的劳动,并使一部分工人变成机器。劳动生产了智慧,但是给工人生产了愚钝和痴呆……      首先,劳动对工人来说是外在的东西,也就是说,不属于他的本质的东西:因此,他在自己的劳动中不是肯定自己,而是否定自己,不是感到幸福,而是感到不幸……因此,工人只有在劳动之外才感到自在,而在劳动中则感到不自在,他在不劳动时觉得舒畅,而在劳动时就觉得不舒畅……因而,它不是满足劳动需要,而只是满足劳动需要以外的一种手段……在宗教中,人的幻想,人的头脑和人的心灵的自主活动对个人发生作用是不取决于他个人的,也就是说,是作为某种异己的活动,神灵的或魔鬼的活动的,同样,工人的活动也不是他的自主活动。他的活动属于别人,这种活动是他自身的丧失。   结果,人(工人)只有在运用自己的动物机能-吃,喝,性行为,至多还有居住,修饰等等的时候,才觉得自己是自由活动,而在运用人的机能时,却觉得自己不过是动物。动物的东西成为人的东西,而人的东西成为动物的东西。   吃,喝,性行为等等,固然也是真正的人的机能。但是,如果使这些机能脱离了人的其它活动,并使它们成为最后的和唯一的终极目的,那末,在这种抽象中,它们就是动物的机能…… 在劳动过程中劳动同生产行为的关系。这种关系是工人同他自己的活动-一种异己的,不属于他的活动的-关系。在这里,活动就是受动:力量就是虚弱:生殖就是去势:工人自己的体力和智力,他个人的生命(因为,生命如果不是活动,又是什么呢?)就是不依赖于他,不属于他,转过来反对他自身的活动。这就是自我异化,而上面所谈的是物的异化……   自然界,就它本身不是人的身体而言,是人的无机的身体。人靠自然界生活。这就是说,自然界是人为了不致死亡而必须与之不断交往的,人的身体。所谓人的肉体生活和精神生活同自然界联系,也就等于说自然界同自身相联系,因为人是自然界的一部分。   异化劳动,由于(1)使自然界,(2)使人本身,他自己的活动机能,他的生命活动同人相异化,也就使类同人相异化:它使人把类生活变成维持个人生活的手段。第一,它使类生活和个人相异化:第二,把抽象形式的个人生活变成同样是抽象形式和异化形式的类生活的目的。    因为,首先,劳动这种生命活动,这种生产生活本身对人来说不过是满足他的需要即肉体即维持肉体生活的需要的手段。而生产生活本身就是类生活。这是产生生命的活动。一个种的全部特性,种的类特性就在于生命活动的性质,而人的类特性恰恰就是自由的有意识的活动。生活本身却仅仅成为生活的手段。   动物和它的生命活动是直接同一的。动物不把自己同自己的生命活动区别开来。它就是这种生命活动。人则使自己的生命活动本身变成自己的意志和意识的对象。他的生命活动是有意识的。这不是人与之直接融为一体的那种规定性。有意识的生命活动把人同动物的生命活动直接区别开来。正是由于这一点,人才是类存在物。或者说,正因为人是类存在物,他才是有意识的存在物,也就是说,他自己的生活对他是对象。仅仅由于这一点,他的活动才是自由的活动。异化劳动把这种关系颠倒过来,以至人正因为是有意识的存在物,才把自己的生命活动,自己的本质变成仅仅维持自己生存的手段……   诚然,动物也生产……但是动物只生产它自己或它的幼仔所直接需要的东西:动物的生产是片面的,而人的生产是全面的,动物只是在直接的肉体需要的支配下进行生产……而人却懂得按照任何一个种的尺度来进行生产,并且懂得怎样处处都把内在的尺度运用到对象上去:因此,人也按照美的规律来建造。   因此,正是在改造对象世界中,人才真正地证明自己是类存在物。这种生产是人的能动的类生活。通过这种生产,自然界才表现为他的作品和他的现实。因此,劳动的对象是人的类生活的对象化:人不仅像在意识中那样在精神上使自己二重化,而且能动地,现实地使自己二重化,从而在它所创造的世界直观自身。因此,异化劳动从人那里夺去了他的生产对象,也就从人那里夺去了他的类生活,即他的现实的,类的对象性,把人对动物所具有的优点变成缺点,因为从人那里夺走了他的无机的身体即自然界……   人同自己的劳动产品,自己的生命活动,自己的类本质相异化这一事实所造成的直接结果就是人同人相异化。当人同自身相对立的时候,他也同他人相对立   总之,人同他的类本质相异化这一命题,说的是一个人同他人相异化,以及他们中的每个人都同人的本质相异化。   人的异化,一般地说人同自身的任何关系,只有通过人同其它人的关系才得到实现和表现。   因而,在异化劳动的条件下,每个人都按照他本身作为工人所处的那种关系和尺度来观察他人。” 摘录来自: [德] 马克思. “1844年经济学哲学手稿”。

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