孫潤德
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # 2022q1 Homework1 (lab0) contributed by < `raysun0729` > ###### tags: `linux2022` ## 實驗環境 ```shell= $ gcc --version gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0 $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 61 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-5200U CPU @ 2.20GHz Stepping: 4 CPU MHz: 1752.500 CPU max MHz: 2700.0000 CPU min MHz: 500.0000 BogoMIPS: 4389.82 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 64 KiB L1i cache: 64 KiB L2 cache: 512 KiB L3 cache: 3 MiB NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3 ``` ## queue.h ![](https://i.imgur.com/rwrAdKi.png) ### 結構體說明 ```c struct list_head { struct list_head *prev; struct list_head *next; }; ``` `struct list_head` 為 `list.h` 中定義的結構體,這個結構體中包含了 `prev` 與 `next` 兩個定義於 `list_head` 的指標,分別藉由指向前、後一個節點,以便實作出 circular doubly-linked list。 ```c typedef struct { char *value; struct list_head list; } element_t; ``` `struct element_t` 為 `queue.h` 中定義的結構體,而在這個結構體中,除了定義 `value` 來儲存資料之外,也定義了結構體 `list_head` 的變數,並讓 `list_head` 中定義的 `prev` 以及 `next` 分別指向前、後一個佇列節點中的 `list`,以便在佇列中的各個節點間移動。 ## queue.c ### q_release_element ```c= void q_release_element(element_t *e) { free(e->value); free(e); } ``` ### q_new ```c= struct list_head *q_new() { struct list_head *q = malloc(sizeof(struct list_head)); if (q ! NULL) { INIT_LIST_HEAD(q); } return q; } ``` * ```INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)```用來進行list_head的初始化 * 為什麼要檢查q ! NULL? 根據[GNU C Library](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Basic-Allocation.html) ```malloc```會在 size 為 0 或是無法分配空間時回傳 null ### q_free ```c= void q_free(struct list_head *l) { if (!l) return; /* queue is NULL */ element_t *cur, *next; /* del, the element to be free. next, the next element of del */ list_for_each_entry_safe (cur, next, l, list) { list_del(&cur->list); q_release_element(cur); } free(l); return; } ``` * 釋放 queue 前務必先檢查 queue 是否為 NULL。之後,先釋放 queue 上的每個 element 所用的空間(包含字串 allocate 的),再釋放掉 queue 本身。 * q_free要釋放佇列的所有空間,先用```list_for_each_entry_safe```走訪佇列中所有節點 * ```list_del```將節點移出佇列,```q_release_element```用以釋放空間 * 最後,釋放佇列```l``` ### q_insert_head ```c= bool q_insert_head(struct list_head *head, char *s) { if (!head) return false; /* queue 不應該為 NULL */ element_t *node = malloc(sizeof(element_t)); if (!node) return NULL; /* could not allocate space */ int len = strlen(s) + 1; node->value = malloc(len); if (!node->value) { free(node); return NULL; /* could not allocate space */ } memcpy(node->value, s, len); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&node->list); list_add(&node->list, head); /* add element to queue head return true; } ``` * 先建立一個新的 element_t。因為 element_t 裡的 value 也是指標,所以要供 value 一段空間來存字串,故使用了 ```strlen()``` 來計算需要多少 byte 來存 value。因為要把 '\0' 也算進去,所以要再 +1。 * 也就是以```malloc```取得字串```s```大小的記憶體空間,若失敗則釋放```node```的空間 * 配置完 value 需要的空間後就將字串複製過去,```memcpy()``` 從原本的指標 s 複製到新的指標 value 。 * 最後透過```INIT_LIST_HEAD```進行節點初始化,及用```list_add```將節點加入佇列的頭 ### q_insert_tail ```c= bool q_insert_tail(struct list_head *head, char *s) { if (!head) return false; /* queue is NULL */ element_t *node = malloc(sizeof(element_t)); if (!node) return NULL; /* could not allocate space */ int len = strlen(s) + 1; node->value = malloc(len); if (!node->value) { free(node); return NULL; /* could not allocate space */ } memcpy(node->value, s, len); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&node->list); list_add_tail(&node->list, head); return true; } ``` * 與q_insert_head大致相同,差別僅在於這邊利用```list_add_tail```將節點加入佇列尾巴 ### q_remove_head ```c= element_t *q_remove_head(struct list_head *head, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { if (!head || q_size(head) == 0) return NULL; element_t *node = list_entry(head->next, element_t, list); list_del(head->next); if (sp) { strncpy(sp, node->value, bufsize - 1); sp[bufsize - 1] = '\0'; } return node; } ``` * Remove 之前,首先要檢查 queue 是否為空,以及參數中的 sp 是否為具有空間的 buffer。q->head 指到的 element 是移除的目標,根據要求,先把目標中儲存字串複製到 sp 中,調整 q->head 指到的地方後,再釋放原本 q->head 的 element 所使用的空間。 * 如果佇列不為空,利用`list_first_entry()`取得佇列的第一個元素 node,用`list_del()`將這個 node 移除 * 再使用 `strncpy` copied `bufsize - 1` 個字元至 sp,最後回傳移除的節點node。 * 程式改善: 將`list_entry()`改為`list_first_entry(head, element_t, list)` `list_del()`改為`list_del_init(&node->list)` ### q_remove_tail ```c= element_t *q_remove_tail(struct list_head *head, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { if (!head || q_size(head) == 0) return NULL; element_t *node = list_entry(head->prev, element_t, list); //ptr redirect list_del(head->prev); // to copy a string if (sp) { strncpy(sp, node->value, bufsize - 1); sp[bufsize - 1] = '\0'; } return node; } ``` * 與前題類似,差別在於本題利用```list_entry```取得last node再將其以```list_del```自佇列刪除 * 程式改善: 以`list_last_entry()`可以直接取得list中的last element取代`list_entry()` ```c= element_t *q_remove_tail(struct list_head *head, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { if (!head || q_size(head) == 0) return NULL; element_t *node = list_last_entry(head, element_t, list); if (sp) { strncpy(sp, node->value, bufsize - 1); sp[bufsize - 1] = '\0'; } list_del(&node->list); return node; } ``` ### q_size ```c= int q_size(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head)) return 0; struct list_head *node; int size = 0; list_for_each (node, head) ++size; return size; } ``` * 參考[作業要求](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2022-lab0#%E7%89%9B%E5%88%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%A9%A6)用```list_empty``` api,如果佇列為空,直接回傳0,否則透過```list_for_each```走訪所有節點,每經過一點將size+1 ### q_delete_mid ```c= bool q_delete_mid(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head)) return false; struct list_head *front = head->next; struct list_head *back = head->prev; while (front != back) { back = back->prev; if (front == back) break; front = front->next; } list_del(front); q_release_element(list_entry(front, element_t, list)); return true; } ``` * 想法為藉由兩個指標*front, *back,一個從前往後走,一個從後往前走,當`front == back`(strlen is odd)時,即已走到中點,再將其刪去即可;若`front->next == back`(長度為偶數),刪去front指標 ### q_delete_dup ```c= bool q_delete_dup(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head)) return false; bool flag = false; element_t *cur, *safe; list_for_each_entry_safe (cur, safe, head, list) { if (&safe->list != head && !strcmp(cur->value, safe->value)) { list_del(&cur->list); q_release_element(cur); flag = true; } else if (flag) { list_del(&cur->list); q_release_element(cur); flag = false; } return true; } ``` * 以```list_for_each_entry_safe```來traverse每個節點 * 用```strcmp```比較當前的節點與下一個節點之value是否相同,如果相同會return 0,否則return 非0 * 若value相同且目前節點不是最後一個,則刪除目前節點。 * 以```flag```紀錄走到的節點是否與已刪除之節點有相同之value * 更新版本:因為list已排序,所以直接比較相鄰的點是否相同 ```c= bool q_delete_dup(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head)) return false; element_t *cur, *safe; list_for_each_entry_safe (cur, safe, head, list) { if (&safe->list != head && !strcmp(cur->value, safe->value)) { list_del(&(cur->list)); q_release_element(cur); } } return true; } ``` ### q_swap ```c= void q_swap(struct list_head *head) { struct list_head *prev, *cur; list_for_each_safe (prev, cur, head) { list_move_tail(cur, prev); cur = prev->next; } } ``` * ```list_move_tail```可直接將2個節點交換位置 ### q_reverse ```c= void q_reverse(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head)) return; struct list_head *cur = head; struct list_head *next = cur->next; do { cur->next = cur->prev; cur->prev = next; cur = next; next = cur->next; } while (cur != head); } ``` * 想法為traverse整個佇列,將每個節點的prev及next交換,即完成整個佇列的reverse ### q_sort * Linux Kernel API 中已有`list_sort`,該 function implements `merge_sort`,所以複雜度為O(nlg(n)) ```c= void q_sort(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) return; list_sort(NULL, head, sort_comp); } ``` * 因為quicksort的複雜度可能到O(n^2),所以這邊要用Mergesort來實作。參考[你所不知道的 C 語言: linked list 和非連續記憶體](https://hackmd.io/YA7RMqd6RE2UL8OmmjU9PQ?view)中案例研討的題目解答 ```c= /* * Sort elements of queue in ascending order * No effect if q is NULL or empty. In addition, if q has only one * element, do nothing. */ struct list_head *sep_list(struct list_head *head); struct list_head *merge_list(struct list_head *left, struct list_head *right); void q_sort(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head *new_head = head->next; list_del(head); new_head = sep_list(new_head); list_add_tail(head, new_head); } struct list_head *sep_list(struct list_head *head) { if (head == head->next) return head; struct list_head *fast = head; struct list_head *mid = head->prev; while (fast != mid && fast->next != mid) { fast = fast->next; mid = mid->prev; } struct list_head *left = head; struct list_head *right = mid; struct list_head *node = left->prev; if (list_is_singular(left)) { list_del_init(left); list_del_init(right); } else { left->prev = right->prev; left->prev->next = left; node->next = right; right->prev = node; } return merge_list(sep_list(left), sep_list(right)); } struct list_head *merge_list(struct list_head *left, struct list_head *right) { struct list_head *head = NULL; struct list_head *tmp = NULL; left->prev->next = NULL; right->prev->next = NULL; while (left || right) { if (!right || (left && strcmp(list_entry(left, element_t, list)->value, list_entry(right, element_t, list)->value) < 0)) { if (!tmp) { head = tmp = left; left = left->next; if (left) left->prev = tmp->prev; INIT_LIST_HEAD(tmp); } else { tmp = left; left = left->next; if (left) left->prev = tmp->prev; list_add_tail(tmp, head); } } else { if (!tmp) { head = tmp = right; right = right->next; if (right) right->prev = tmp->prev; INIT_LIST_HEAD(tmp); } else { tmp = right; right = right->next; if (right) right->prev = tmp->prev; list_add_tail(tmp, head); } } } return head; } ```

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully