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    # Leetcode刷題學習筆記 -- Selection, Insertion, Bubble, Heap ## Time Complexity ### Comparison-based sorting technique | | Best | Average | Worst | Space | stability | | -------------- | ---------- | ---------- | ------------ | --------- | --- | | Selection Sort | $O(N^2)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(1)$ | non-stable | | Bubble Sort | $O(N)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(1)$ | stable | | Insertion Sort | $O(N)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(N^2)$ | $O(1)$ | stable | | Heap Sort | $O(NlogN)$ | $O(NlogN)$ | $O(NlogN)$ | $O(1)$ |non-stable | ## Reference + [Selection Sort Algorithm](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/selection-sort/?ref=lbp) + [Bubble Sort Algorithm](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bubble-sort/?ref=lbp) + [Insertion Sort](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/insertion-sort/?ref=lbp) + [Heap Sort](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/heap-sort/?ref=lbp) ## Stable Sorting + ==When two same data appear in the same order in sorted data without changing their position is called stable sort.== + Example: merge sort, insertion sort, bubble sort. ## Selection(Max/min value) Sort 每次都選擇從後面看到的最大或最小值來和目前的位置替換。就可以達到排序的效果。 ```cpp void SelectionSort(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(); for(int i = 0; i < sz - 1; ++i) { // 從第一個位置開始 int minidx = i; // 找尋 i之後的最小值 for(int j = i + 1; j < sz; ++j) { if(nums[j] < nums[minidx]) { minidx = j; } } // 將結果交換過來 if(i != minidx) swap(nums[i], nums[minidx]); } } ``` 因為沒有break的機制,即使是排序過的數列,也是要$O(N^2)$ ## Bubble Sort 只和相鄰比較,把較大或較小的數值往右移動。 ```cpp void BubbleSort(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(); for(int i = 0; i < sz - 1; ++i) { for(int j = 0; i < sz - j - 1; ++j) { if(nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]); } } } ``` ## Insertion (to right position) sort 假設前面已經排列完成,下一個element就不斷地交換直到正確的位置為止。 使用swap是因為避免使用insert會有O(N)的time complexity。 ```cpp void InsertionSort(vector<int>& nums) { int sz = nums.size(); for(int i = 1; i < sz; ++i) { int j = i; while(j >= 1 && nums[j] < nums[j - 1]) { swap(nums[j], nums[j - 1]); j--; } } } ``` ## Heap sort + ==in-place== algorithm + Its typical implementation is ==not stable==, **but can be made stable**. ### Advantages of heapsort + Efficiency - time complexity $O(NlogN)$ + Memory Usage - $O(1)$, no additional memory space to work + Simplicity - 簡單理解實現。 ### Applications of HeapSort + 使用在混合的sort algorithm,像是IntroSort。 + [Sort a nearly sorted (or K sorted) array](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/nearly-sorted-algorithm/) + [k largest(or smallest) elements in an array](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/k-largestor-smallest-elements-in-an-array/) ### Heapify 把其中一個非leaf的node中,將極值(最大或最小)一直往leaf推的過程。 ![heapify](https://cdn.programiz.com/cdn/farfuture/30vnL_La8pfA_TTxFypa1W6TTGXTyDBv2Bgk8BAmwKA/mtime:1587702414/sites/tutorial2program/files/heapify-base-case_0.png) 例如scenario-2中,因為left child(7)比root(2)還大,所以交換這兩個值。 當全部的非leaf node都走訪過一次後,最大值就會出現在root。 ### Steps of heap sort 以max heap為例: 1. build max heap(parent一定會大於等於child) 2. 經過第一步之後最大值會在root, index = 0的位置。 3. 把最大值移到最後的位置。 4. 再做一次heapify, 5. 回到step2 ### Sample code of heap sort ```cpp= // To heapify a subtree rooted with node i // which is an index in arr[]. // n is size of heap void heapify(vector<int>& arr, int sz, int i) { int left = 2 * i + 1; int right = 2 * i + 2; int maxidx = i; // 找出最大數值的index if(left < sz && arr[maxidx] < arr[left]) maxidx = left; if(right < sz && arr[maxidx] < arr[right]) maxidx = right; // 如果最大數值不是root if(maxidx != i) { swap(arr[i], arr[maxidx]); // Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree heapify(arr, sz, maxidx); } } // Main function to do heap sort void heapSort(vector<int>& arr, int sz) { // 1. Build heap (rearrange array) for(int i = sz / 2 - 1; i >= 0; --i) heapify(arr, sz, i); // One by one extract an element from heap for(int i = sz - 1; i >= 0; --i) { //3. Move current root to end // 因為build heap之後最大值會在idx = 0 swap(arr[0], arr[i]); //4. call max heapify on the reduced heap // 因為idx = 0 數值改變了 heapify(arr, i, 0); } } ``` ###### tags: `leetcode` `刷題`

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