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    Critic of everyday life Chapter2 Clearing the Ground part 20-28 (P.252-268) 媒體如何影響進入日常生活 - 日常生活中用品可以用二分法分成functional 和 artistic。然而在日常生活中的這些用品會越來越以效率化或強調生產為主。而其中,電視讓每一個家戶可以透過節目來建構這個世界,給日常生活一個不同面向的世界觀,然而電視新聞會submerge(淹沒) 觀眾,觀眾會被cultivated. (涵化理論) - 收音機、電視這些媒體怎麼進入我們的日常生活呢?他們利用了一些個人生活上的軼事,好笑的事情,瑣碎的事件,或是和家庭相關的事情,利用這些內容來呈現、強調日常生活,讓語言,文化,符號的界線變得模糊。 - 最極端的例子就是當媒體的符號都失去了意義,媒體所說的事情都非常壟墜,因為都一直在報導日常生活的事情,幾乎都是一成不變的,新聞也不會有新的東西來報導,傳播的循環都因此停滯,媒體報導的東西都沒有意義。當然這種極端的例子不會真的持續發生,因為在日常生活中時常有一些新的事物或是不可預期的狀況。 科技如何進入日常生活 - 現代的科技進入日常生活最極端的例子: new town. 在new town 全部的日常生活會縮減成為私人生活,任何事物都會以最少的成本和功能性為主,全部的事情都只是用來滿足需求,而不是欲求。在new town,日常生活會失去一個面向: 深度,生活只剩下瑣碎的事情。 - 而住宿的公寓則變成了一種機器,專門給居住的機器,全部的事物都變成功能性的機器,人們好像都在被擺放好的箱子裡面。 - 而這些功能性的機器都都自動化了日常生活,工作等,這也簡化了工作的程序、內容變得很簡單且被動,在工作之外的日常生活也會變得非常舒適和無聊。日常生活也因此被符號所控制,每個人都只在追求儀式化的符號,生活變得非常同質化。 虛偽的日常生活批判 - 女性出版物製造並且提供了一個女性專屬的世界,這個世界裡面都是充滿著幻想,這個幻想的世界雖然是虛構的但是他讓女性讀者覺得可以到達。怎麼到達呢? 利用唇膏、化妝品這些看起來好像是日常生活裡面的必需品,把自己弄得漂亮一點,就好像可以接近那個看起來虛幻的世界,然而那個世界沒有什麼東西是真的。 - 什麼事情在女性的世界好像都可以發生,或者說這是一個類似烏托邦的情境,這個世界的目標就是形塑還有加強一個完美女性的印象,一個現代和幹練的形象,完美的女性變成整個生活的全部因為它可以做任何的事情。女性讀物用這個技術來建構並且教導女性怎麼變成完美的女性,完美女性的概念和男子印象不同不會強調勇氣,工作這些,女性專屬的世界是非常浪漫而且抒情的。 - 在這種相對虛幻的世界,生活上的軼事和瑣事會有很大的意義,這種模糊的世界裡對任何事情的解釋也是相對模糊的,對於日常生活的解釋也是非常模糊 - 這種虛偽的日常生活其實可以套用到很多重要的時事、時尚、藝術、政治等,然而最重要的事情是這種虛偽的日常生活讓生活變得無聊,但也沒有煩惱了。 - 要解放女性從這種生活出來最好的方法,就是讓女性去工作,然後他們就會發現在工廠或是辦公室其實跟在家裡工作一樣無聊 Criticized on private life 批判私人生活 - 日常的私人生活會連結到家庭生活,家庭生活會影響到私人生活,也因此,家庭生活會深入到日常生活中,包括工作、娛樂、社交、文化等。Karl Marx, “The abstraction of state was not born until the modern world due to there was no the abstraction of private life.” - 而私人生活還會連結到科技,科技會給私人生活一個更多的管道連結到社會、政治、歷史或者是知識等 - 然而當生活開始全球化,人們會開始學到social gaze,這種social gaze 會驅逐真正的知識、真正的權力還有參與。這種gaze是一種私人的gaze用來社會化建立真實 - 私人生活創造了一種特定的品味和技巧來使用日常的事物,這導致廣泛且庸俗的文化,例如上述的女性讀物 - 私人化的生活代表著權力跟財富也都私有化,public 和political 的形象都從私人生活中給借過來,公開有名的人物,他的形象很明顯的是屬於大眾的。我們一般人得知的名人的私人的日常生活的知識,幫助這些名人得到關注,而這些名人也知道大眾喜歡這些私人生活的知識,也會把這些知識提供給大眾,公共也變得越來越私人,私人也變得越來越公眾。 如何定義人類? - 如何去定義人類是最重要的一個核心問題,馬克思從勞工的角度來定義,他認為勞工是一個生產者,他不只生產東西也包括生產歷史和人性。 - 人類可以被工具、科技、語言、知識、或是文化所定義嗎? 人類是一個集合的面向,有許多的方面所建構成的,而其中一個面向最為重要的就是日常生活

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