iLeafy11
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights
    • Engagement control
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Versions and GitHub Sync Note Insights Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       owned this note    owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    Subscribed
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Subscribe
    # 2021q1 Homework1 (quiz1) contributed by < `iLeafy11` > ###### tags: `linux2021` ## 作業描述 [作業要求](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/SJlXFVMzMu) ### 重新完成 2021q1 第 1 週測驗 #### 資料結構 單向連結串列節點結構 Singly Linked List node structure ```c typedef struct __node { int value; struct __node *next; } node_t; ``` #### LLL=? ```c static inline void list_concat(node_t **left, node_t *right) { while (*left) LLL; *left = right; } ``` `list_concat` 為 list concatenate 的實作 如下圖: :::info `left` 的生命週期 (life cycle) 只存在於此 function 中,離開 function 後就會被消滅。 ::: 首先我們會想要將左邊 list 的最後一格,`NULL` 的值變成 `right` 完成 list concatenate。所以 `while` 迴圈在做的事就是讓 `left` traverse 到達 list 的最尾端。 ```graphviz digraph { rankdir=UD node [shape=box] l [label="left"] l [style="dashed"] l -> A -> B -> C -> NULL {rank=same; A B C NULL right} } ``` 我們為了要讓 left 指到正確的位置上,所以在 `while` 迴圈裡面,必須要將 `left` dereference,然後存取下一個節點,再取其 address value 並賦值回 `left`。 :::info 以下圖而言,我們要修改的值是 `C->next` 的值,所以要才取 `C->next` 的 address,因此答案就不可能會是 ```c *left = (*left)->next; ``` ::: 於是程式碼會是: ```c left = &(*left)->next; ``` ```graphviz digraph structs { rankdir=UD node [shape=box] l [label="left"] l [style="dashed"] A -> B -> C -> NULL l -> NULL {rank=same; A B C NULL right} } ``` 最後當 `left` 指向 list 最尾端節點的下一個節點的 address (也就是 `NULL`),就可以將 `left` dereference 並賦予其值 `right`。 ```graphviz digraph structs { rankdir=UD node [shape=box] l [label="left"] l [style="dashed"] A -> B -> C -> right l -> right {rank=same; A B C right} } ``` 所以最終 `list_concat` 的程式碼如下: ```c static inline void list_concat(node_t **left, node_t *right) { while (*left) left = &(*left)->next; *left = right; } ``` #### AAA=? BBB=? CCC=? ```c static inline void list_add_node_t(node_t **list, node_t *node_t) { node_t->next = *list; *list = node_t; } ``` ```c void quicksort(node_t **list) { if (!*list) return; node_t *pivot = *list; int value = pivot->value; node_t *p = pivot->next; pivot->next = NULL; node_t *left = NULL, *right = NULL; while (p) { node_t *n = p; p = p->next; list_add_node_t(n->value > value ? AAA : BBB, n); } quicksort(&left); quicksort(&right); node_t *result = NULL; list_concat(&result, left); CCC; *list = result; } ``` **Quicksort演算法** Quicksort 首先會挑一個 `pivot` 出來,比 `pivot` 小的值通通擺在左邊,比 `pivot` 大的值會擺在右邊,然後重複此動作,遞迴左邊跟右邊。 底下 Wikipedia 有比較好的解釋: :::info 1. 挑選基準值:從數列中挑出一個元素,稱為「基準」(pivot), 2. 分割:重新排序數列,所有比基準值小的元素擺放在基準前面,所有比基準值大的元素擺在基準後面(與基準值相等的數可以到任何一邊)。在這個分割結束之後,對基準值的排序就已經完成, 3. 遞迴排序子序列:遞迴地將小於基準值元素的子序列和大於基準值元素的子序列排序。 from [Wikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F) ::: AAA 跟 BBB 在 `list_add_node_t` 裡面,而 `list_add_node_t` 做的事情就是在把比 `pivot` 小的值跟比 `pivot` 大的值分開。所以依題目要求以 ascending order,把比較小的值丟去左邊,比較大的值丟去右邊,然後注意傳遞參數的型態是指標的指標 pointer to pointer to `node_t`。 因此 AAA 跟 BBB 的答案就是 `&right` 以及 `&left`。 CCC 的答案則是有關遞迴完了之後將 `left` list 跟 `pivot` node 跟 `right` list 接起來。因為是從左邊接到右邊,所以答案就會是 `list_concat(&result, pivot); list_concat(&result, right);` ### 補齊 `qsort.c` 程式碼 發現原始題目中,尚有兩個函式還沒完成,於是自己簡單實作一下 `list_make_node_t` ```c static node_t *list_make_node_t(node_t *list, int entry) { /* to be modified */ node_t *new_node = malloc (1 * sizeof(node_t)); new_node->value = entry; new_node->next = list; return new_node; } ``` `list_free` ```c static void list_free(node_t **list) { node_t *tmp = *list; while (*list) { tmp = *list; *list = (*list)->next; free(tmp); } } ``` 之後,用 valgrind 檢測是否有 memory leak ``` $ gcc -o qsort qsort.c $ valgrind --leak-check=full ./qsort ``` ```diff ==33420== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==33420== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==33420== Using Valgrind-3.15.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==33420== Command: ./qsort ==33420== NOT IN ORDER : 1016 84 706 124 326 483 763 498 939 186 205 809 236 74 255 81 115 105 966 359 IN ORDER : 74 81 84 105 115 124 186 205 236 255 326 359 483 498 706 763 809 939 966 1016 ==33420== ==33420== HEAP SUMMARY: ==33420== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==33420== total heap usage: 21 allocs, 21 frees, 1,344 bytes allocated ==33420== ==33420== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==33420== ==33420== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==33420== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0) ``` ### Pseudorandom number generator 取代這段: ```c list = list_make_node_t(list, random() % 1024); ``` :::info TODO 1. `include <time.h>` `srand(time(NULL));` 2. 嘗試實現一個 PRNG 並比較其亂度 e.g. [Xorshift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorshift) ::: ### Optimized QuickSort — C Implementation (Non-Recursive) 使用 iterative 比起 recursive 的 Quick Sort 來說,最直接的一點就是不會重複呼叫函式,在 C 語言中,呼叫一次函式都會再次複製傳入該函式的參數的值,速度通常不比 iterative 快。且多次呼叫函式也有可能會有 Stack overflow 的危險。 #### 堆疊 (stack) 使用堆疊 (stack) 實作 iterative quick sort。 堆疊 (stack) 選擇用 linked list 實作。 如果堆疊 (stack) 不用 linked list 實作,勢必要給堆疊 (stack) 制定一段固定大小空間,失去一定的彈性。 雖說抓取 `heap` 的記憶體也有可能會 `malloc failed`,且速度不比直接抓取 `stack` 的記憶體。不過如今已使用 linked list 實作 Quick Sort,我想,如果要用堆疊 (stack) 實現 iterative Quick Sort,那麼堆疊 (stack) 也應當要由 linked list 實作才是。 **`vector.c`**: ```c typedef struct __vnode { node_t *list; struct __vnode *next; } vnode_t; typedef struct __vector { vnode_t *top; bool (*isEmpty)(struct __vector *v); void (*push)(struct __vector *v, node_t *entry); node_t *(*pop)(struct __vector *v); void (*delete)(struct __vector *v); } vector; bool v_isEmpty(vector *v) { return (v->top == NULL); } void v_push(vector *v, node_t *entry) { if (!entry) return; vnode_t *new_vnode = malloc(sizeof(vnode_t)); new_vnode->list = entry; new_vnode->next = v->top; v->top = new_vnode; } node_t *v_pop(vector *v) { if (v->isEmpty(v)) return NULL; vnode_t *target = v->top; node_t *pop = target->list; v->top = target->next; free (target); target = NULL; return pop; } void v_delete(vector *v) { if (v) { while (v->pop(v)); free(v); } } vector *v_new() { vector *v = malloc(sizeof(vector)); if (v) { v->top = NULL; v->isEmpty = v_isEmpty; v->push = v_push; v->pop = v_pop; v->delete = v_delete; } return v; } ``` :::info TODO: 程式碼附上解釋 ::: #### 用 Stack 來達成 QuickSort Iterative 的實作 `qsort_iterative.c`: ```c void quicksort_iterative(node_t **list) { if (!*list || !(*list)->next) return; vector *v = v_new(); v->push(v, *list); node_t *result = NULL; while (v->top) { node_t *pivot = v->pop(v); if (pivot->next) { node_t *left = NULL, *right = NULL; int value = pivot->value; node_t *p = pivot->next; pivot->next = NULL; while (p) { node_t *n = p; p = p->next; list_add_node_t(n->value > value ? &right : &left, n); } v->push(v, left); v->push(v, pivot); v->push(v, right); } else list_add_node_t(&result, pivot); } *list = result; v->delete(v); } ``` :::info TODO: 附上更多解釋 ::: 不使用 `list_concat` 是因為 `list_add_node_t` 本身是 $O(1)$ 。在 `while` 迴圈中,因為 list 裡面每個元素都會被走過,次數會被 `*n` 次,所以如果用 `list_concat` 可能最糟糕會達到 $O(n^2)$,不過這倒是跟 Quick Sort 的 worst case 一樣,或許影響沒有想像中來的大。 因為額外實作了一個用了 linked list 的堆疊(stack),有額外動態配置記憶體,所以用一下 valgrind 檢查是否有 memory leak。 ``` $ gcc -o qsort qsort.c $ valgrind --leak-check=full ./qsort ``` ``` ==7658== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==7658== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==7658== Using Valgrind-3.15.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==7658== Command: ./qsort ==7658== NOT IN ORDER : 580 747 735 861 37 612 206 179 269 763 156 809 830 11 697 1012 877 319 355 944 IN ORDER : 11 37 156 179 206 269 319 355 580 612 697 735 747 763 809 830 861 877 944 1012 ==7658== ==7658== HEAP SUMMARY: ==7658== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==7658== total heap usage: 55 allocs, 55 frees, 1,912 bytes allocated ==7658== ==7658== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==7658== ==7658== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==7658== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0) ``` #### 使用 [XOR Linked List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_linked_list) 實作,改善 Linked List 對於空間的佔用 :::info TODO ::: :::info * tail call optimization :::

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully