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# 如何挑選天線 - 完整指南 ## 天線測試工具 ### NanoVNA NanoVNA是一種小型且價格實惠的儀器,主要用於分析和調整天線。它可以測量天線在不同頻率下的表現,幫助確保天線與其它通信設備之間的匹配良好,從而提高信號傳輸的效率。這款儀器對於新手來說非常友好,因為它不僅便攜易用,而且能快速顯示出天線是否正確工作和如何調整以獲得最佳表現。簡而言之,NanoVNA 讓新手也能輕鬆檢查和優化天線,確保通信設備的順暢運行。 :::info NanoVNA是一種便攜式向量網絡分析儀,價格約在NT$2,000-4,000之間,非常適合業餘無線電愛好者和通信設備測試使用。 ::: #### 使用NanoVNA測量天線的步驟 使用NanoVNA測量天線的主要目的是獲得天線的阻抗特性、驗證其共振頻率,並評估天線的SWR(駐波比)。這裡是一個基本的步驟指南: 1. **配置NanoVNA** - 開機並初始化設備:開啟NanoVNA,確保其處於清潔且校準的狀態。 - 校準NanoVNA:使用隨機附帶的校準件(開路、短路、負載和透過件)進行全校準。這保證測量的準確性。 2. **連接天線** - 使用合適的連接器:將天線通過合適的轉接頭或連接線連接到NanoVNA的CH0端口。確保所有連接都是緊固且可靠的。 3. **設定測量參數** - 選擇頻率範圍:在NanoVNA上設定掃描的頻率範圍,應涵蓋天線的操作頻率。 - 設定掃描點數:增加掃描點可以提高頻率響應的分辨率,通常設定為101點或更多。 4. **進行掃描和讀取數據** - 掃描天線:開始掃描並觀察天線響應。NanoVNA會顯示阻抗、SWR和其他參數的圖形。 - 讀取共振頻率:共振點是阻抗純實的點,此處的SWR也會達到最低。 - 檢查SWR:理想的SWR值應小於1.5:1。高SWR值表明天線與其饋線的阻抗匹配不良。 ![截圖 2024-08-07 凌晨12.53.51](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r17VS0y9C.png) #### 進階使用技巧 對於初學者來說,NanoVNA可能看起來有些複雜,但以下是一些有助於簡化過程的技巧: 1. **使用Smith圖表解讀**:Smith圖表可以幫助您視覺化天線的阻抗特性,便於調整天線長度或匹配電路。 2. **保存校準數據**:完成校準後,將設置保存到NanoVNA的內部存儲中,這樣下次使用相同頻率範圍時就不需要重新校準。 3. **使用電腦軟件**:NanoVNA可以連接到電腦,使用專用軟件進行更詳細的分析和數據導出。 :::warning 在使用NanoVNA時,請注意以下幾點: - 每次改變頻率範圍時都需要重新校準 - 保持NanoVNA和校準套件的連接器清潔 - 避免在潮濕或過熱環境中使用 ::: ## 天線選擇基礎知識 ### 天線類型及其適用場景 #### 全向性天線 全向性天線向各個方向均勻輻射信號,提供360度覆蓋範圍。這類天線適合: - 需要與多個方向通信的情況 - 移動應用場景 - 城市或平坦地形環境 #### 定向天線 定向天線將信號集中在特定方向,提供更長的通信距離但覆蓋範圍較窄。適合: - 點對點通信 - 需要穿透障礙物的場景 - 山區或有明確通信方向需求的環境 ### 頻率範圍考量 選擇天線時需考慮其支持的頻率範圍: - **VHF/UHF天線**:較短,適合城市和短距離通信 - **HF天線**:較長,適合長距離通信,但需要更多安裝空間 ### 天線增益 增益測量天線將能量集中在特定方向的能力: - 高增益天線:提供更長的通信距離,但覆蓋角度較窄 - 低增益天線:覆蓋範圍更廣,但通信距離較短 ## 實際應用建議 ### 天線安裝位置 - 盡可能安裝在高處 - 避免金屬物體和電氣設備干擾 - 考慮天線極化方向(水平或垂直) - 室外安裝時考慮防風和防水措施 ### 電纜選擇 - 使用高質量、低損耗的電纜 - 電纜長度應盡可能短 - 確保連接器防水且牢固 ### 天線測試重點 使用NanoVNA測試天線時,關注以下幾個關鍵參數: 1. **SWR(駐波比)**:衡量天線與傳輸線匹配度的指標,值越接近1:1越好 2. **共振頻率**:天線最有效工作的頻率點 3. **帶寬**:天線能有效工作的頻率範圍 4. **回波損耗**:反射回發射器的能量百分比,值越低越好 --- ## 推薦資源 ### 社團資源 - [社團天線回報清單](https://hackmd.io/@ki_2CYV1QfCsYx3X8THqiw/SJNss8yGA) - [社團目前推薦的天線](https://www.facebook.com/groups/meshtastictw/posts/455552906853907/) ### 學習資源 - [NanoVNA 絕對初學者指南](https://groups.io/g/nanovna-users/files/Absolute%20Beginner%20Guide%20to%20The%20NanoVNA/Absolute_Beginner_Guide_NanoVNA_v1_6.pdf) - [天線理論初學者指南](https://www.howradioswork.com/antenna-theory-for-beginners/) - [天線選擇指南PDF](https://cdn.codancomms.com/general-downloads/Codan-Tactical_Antenna-Selection-Guide_ISS1_Version_3.pdf) :::success 使用正確的天線可以大幅提升您的通信效果!良好的天線系統比高功率發射器更能提升通信品質。 :::

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