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- 張子龍(2022年10月04日),辯論,講廢話的藝術。[文章],知乎。https://hackmd.io/@DebateTeddyBear/r1RE9DxH1e # 修辭轉向:辯論,講廢話的藝術。 <style> .text-align { text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute; } </style> ![](https://i.imgur.com/fGUfZLU.png) ### 1. 廢話 <div class="text-align"> > 「凡是有意義的話,都有可能錯,而不可能錯的話,都沒有意義[^1]。」 但辯論,其實從來就是「講廢話」的藝術。 因為辯論比賽的勝負,從來就「有,也只有」兩種可能:一、大家都知道你在講廢話,但你成功說服大家,對方也是而且更廢;二、你知道你在講廢話,但你成功說服大家,你講的其實不是廢話。 太陽底下,沒有新鮮事。我們是辯手,不是學者。 而「講廢話」是一門藝術。 > 「實際上,藝術家們通常是對現有的思想進行處理,並且透過陌生化使得這些思想看起來是新的。小津安二郎的影片《東京物語》的思想歸結為一句明確表述出來的主題:善待父母,趁他們還活著。這一思想就其獨創性來說,幾乎就沒什麼驚人之處,但很少人可以否認,這部影片的處理是非常感人的[^2]。 」 </div> [^1]: 黃執中(2012年03月29日),我對辯論的十句話,网易博客。 http://blog.163.com/jonas_hwang/blog/static/20480323020122290385275/ [^2]: 「实际上,电影中大多数用到的意义都不可避免地属于眼下存在的意义。真正的新思想,即便是在哲学或经济学或自然科学那里都很罕见,那么我们几乎不能指望伟大的艺术家也是伟大而具有独创性的思想家。(当然,有些批评的确希望艺术家作为一种哲学家,他们具有一种对世界的洞察力:这一假定尤其受到作者论批评的支持。然而,俄国形式主义却把艺术的创作者视为技法熟练的手艺人,致力于一种特别复杂的工艺。)」克里斯汀·汤普森(2020),打破玻璃盔甲:新形式主义电影分析,北京大学出版社。 ### 2. 比爛 <div class="text-align"> 但辯論的「核心」,其實是比爛。 因為,所謂辯論,也就是「向第三方證明你比對方更有道理」的過程。而這句話,又可以被拆成四個部分:<font color="blue">向第三方、證明、你比對方、更有道理</font>。前兩者,決定了辯論的理想:辯論之目的不只是說服對手,更包含所有的評審和觀眾,而且,這個說服,必須是「有理,有據」的給證明、講道理。 但後兩者,決定了辯論的現實:因為,有對手有勝負,所以,儘管辯論「還是」要講道理,但已經不需要多有道理,只要「比對方更有道理」就好。你就算擺明了自己就是在說廢話,也沒關係,只要對方比你廢就好。具體來說,有三種方法:打攻防,切戰場,搶推定[^3]。它們分別涉及「證明/論證」的三個要素:論證標的、論證門檻、論證責任;也就是:要證明什麼?要證明到什麼程度?以及,要由誰來證明? <font color="red"><b>打攻防</b></font>的目的,是指出對方沒有達到論證門檻;<font color="red"><b>戰場</b></font>,是對方搞錯了論證標的;<font color="red"><b>搶推定</b></font>,是對方要負擔更大的論證責任。它們都講道理,但都不是在關心「自己」有沒有道理,而是藉由指出「對方沒有道理」獲得勝利──你以為這是個格鬥遊戲,結果卻是個爭相脫逃的賽跑遊戲。 > 「我不用跑得比熊快,只要跑得比你快就好[^4]。」 </div> [^3]: 「在我对立论的认知当中,我长期以来,我就认为一共有四种前进的框架,第一种叫公允的构架,这个是所有辩论对都会的,第二种叫局部的切割,我们只谈这个问题所需要谈的某一个面向,当然我要证明这个面向是今天值得讨论的面向。第三种叫未知结构,就打不赢,我也赢。最后一种叫现场行动,但是现场行动的介入,不是所有比赛都碰的到的,不是所有的立场跟辩题都可以发挥的。」熊浩(2016),立论的四种前进框架,决赛:评审讲评,第四届国际华语辩论邀请赛。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1vG4y137C4/?p=10 [^4]: 張子龍(2018年04月14日)定義,是萬惡之源,知乎/HackMD。https://hackmd.io/@DebateTeddyBear/BJw3i1eBkl ### 3. 地板論 <div class="text-align"> 當然,「賽跑」也可以是很好玩的。 因為,這不是普通的賽跑,而是「打帶跑」的吃雞大逃殺:不只看誰跑的快,更要看誰對「地圖」有更完整的認識和準備[^5]。然後爭奪資源,搶佔高地,在勝券在握之時,進行爽快的近身對槍——至少理想來說是如此,只是很可惜,我們就連「這一層」理想都沒辦法守住。 因為,這根本沒完沒了,吃力不討好。你會歸謬,他會拉平。你知道有三種反駁,他也知道有三種反反駁;你會打攻防,他也會切戰場,還會通分、排序、加權做比較[^6]!於是,只能硬拼攻防看誰更凌厲,戰場看誰更流暢,最後計算積點得分,看誰贏得判定[^7]。索性,就像那場摔角和拳擊的世紀對決,面對「如蝴蝶般飛舞,如蜜蜂般蜇刺」的阿里,豬木直接就躺下了。 > 「世上沒有能勝過死的護身[^8]。」 於是,有了「地板論」的大行其道:最少的論證責任、最低的論證門檻、最輕鬆的論證標的。包辯題、廢話論證、缺失比較、只要找到頭鐵硬剛的底線就好。而這,也才是真正出問題的地方:為什麼要頭鐵?不是因為「地板論」的使用者「真心相信」他們找到的底線,而正是因為他們「完全不相信」自己口中的話語,不知道自己說這些有什麼意義。 他們認為,自己只是在說廢話。 </div> [^5]: 林聖偉,思辨大局觀:「辯論地圖」鎖圖層,新思辨。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1AP4y1t7YE/ [^6]: 張子龍(2019年11月30日),辯論絮語:論點的分類、排序,還有打平,知乎/HackMD。https://hackmd.io/@DebateTeddyBear/Skk2xCkr1x [^7]: 胡漸彪(2018年12月30日),「匯·交融」2018华语辩论年度论坛,超级辩手。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Jt411s7Uk/?p=3 [^8]: 板垣惠介(2005),死,刃牙Ⅱ。27(239),長鴻出版社,頁141。 ### 4. 反常合道 <div class="text-align"> 但辯論本就是「講廢話」的藝術。 換句話說,「地板論」的問題,並不是講廢話,而是不敢堂堂正正地講廢話。因為,光是「躺下來」就讓他們費盡了心思,而反倒忘了,辯論本就是「講廢話」的藝術:這是<font color="blue">能說什麼</font>和<font color="blue">想說什麼的</font>區別。 「辯論是『講廢話』的藝術」不是說,你只能講廢話,而是說,你想講什麼都可以——就算,你想要講的是廢話,也沒關係。 把廢話,包裝好,大便也能變成黃金。 > 「诺德斯特龙就是这样突破了常识的禁锢。诺德斯特龙本来也可以不用向员工传播『小诺』的故事,只需要告诉员工,公司的使命是提供『业界最优客户服务』即可。这句话固然没错,但很遗憾,这听起来跟美国其他零售公司彭尼(JC Penney)或西尔斯(Sears)没有什么两样。<font color="red"><b>要让信息产生黏性,你必须把常识推向非常识</b></font>[^9]。『出色的客户服务』是常识,『冬天帮客人暖车』则是非常识[^10]。」 具體來說,我們有兩種方法:把壞的,變好的;把普通的,變特別的。前者的基礎是「打平」的時候會用到的,利弊互現、情感用詞變化和換框技巧[^11]。後者則誘使觀眾被現實「絆倒」以開啟知識的缺口[^12]。但在「出乎意料」之後,我們還要回到「情理」之中:或更整全建構的世界,或更深刻的洞悉人心。 沒有人想要鑽孔機──那麼,他們想要什麼呢[^13]? </div> [^9]: “There are two Why Problem strategies that are particularly useful for setting up funny situations: Magnify or Recontextualize. Magnifying a Why Problem creates humor by playing with scale while Recontextualization creates humor by playing with the context.” Volle, J. (2019). *Playfully Inappropriate: The Fun Way To Write Comedy.* CreativeStandUp. [^10]: 奇普·希思、丹·希思(2018),行为设计学:让创意更有黏性,中信出版社,頁62。 [^11]: 罗伯特·迪尔茨(2008),语言的魔力,世界图书出版公司,頁17-40。 [^12]: 奇普·希思、丹·希思(2018),行为设计学:打造峰值体验,中信出版社,頁97-110。 [^13]: 希奧多·李維特(2009年06月01日),行銷短視症,哈佛商業評論中文版,(34),頁110-126。https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/article/11068/marketing-myopia ### 5. 冰是燙的 「這是我們這個時代最偉大的發明[^14]。」 [^14]: 「他无法用语言表达,又另付了十个里亚尔,让儿子们也体验一下这神奇的感觉。小何塞·阿尔卡蒂奥不肯摸,奥雷里亚诺却上前一步,把手放上去又立刻缩了回来。“它在烧。”他吓得叫了起来。但何塞·阿尔卡蒂奥·布恩迪亚没有理睬,他正为这无可置疑的奇迹而迷醉,那一刻忘却了自己荒唐事业的挫败,忘却了梅尔基亚德斯的尸体已成为乌贼的美餐。他又付了五个里亚尔,把手放在冰块上,仿佛凭圣书作证般庄严宣告。」,加西亚·马尔克斯(2011),百年孤独,新经典文化/南海出版公司,页43。 ​ 劉京京vs肖磊(2017),哲理辩论第一场:技术是/不是中立的,第六届国际华语辩论邀请赛。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12t411D7Tc/?p=6

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