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    - 張子龍(2022年01月01日),2022,我的華語辯論二十年回顧[文章],知乎。https://hackmd.io/@DebateTeddyBear/S19n0RJHke # 2022,我的華語辯論二十年回顧。 <style> P { text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute; } </style> 我是個堅定的貴古論者。對我來說,這十年來,華語辯論並沒有多少進步。 我有三個例子,可以證明這件事情。不過在這之前,還是先說說為什麼是「十年」吧? 這要從2012年12月鑫茂盃第二屆兩岸四地辯論邀請賽說起。那年,我本科三年級,已經打了六年奧瑞岡政策辯,拿了不少獎項,信心滿滿地以為能輕易征服價值辯論的賽場。於是,毫不意外的,在對價值辯論毫無了解的情況下,最終以「小組賽兩場零比九」輸得灰頭土臉的成績,結束了我的價值辯論初體驗。 當時,擔任評委的薇薇姐說,這是她近年來看過最爛、最無聊、最沒有懸念的比賽,她要靠著嗑藥(嚼口香糖)才能勉強撐完整場比賽。對於這樣的評價,心高氣傲的我當然是不能接受的,而更加心高氣傲的是當時的女友璇(也是隊友)直接在賽後跑去「請教」薇薇姐:不然妳教教我們,價值辯論應該怎麼打? ——就是這個問題,開啟了日後十年的旅程。 即便是現在回想起來也令人感到不可思議。在賽後無人的教室裡面,素昧平生的她竟然真的從頭開始,從定義標準到論證切割,從剛剛的比賽到她推薦的比賽,教我們怎麼打辯論。那是我和價值辯論的初遇,也是我至今沒有翻越的華山之巔。 <br> 為什麼是「華山」呢?在那次比賽之後,我和游佳璇相互約定,明年,我們一定要雪恥。於是我開始大量觀看價值辯論的比賽影片(很巧的是,那年「諸神之戰」表演賽請到了豪華的老國辯陣容,也成為我按圖索驥的依據。)而在眾多的比賽裡面,影響我最深的還是「順境/逆境更有利於人的成長?」執中學長的結辯,那是在奧瑞岡政策辯的唯損益比論浸淫多年的我第一次知道「利弊比較」之外的世界——從利弊比較的角度來看,這個題目的正反立場都要經過雙重的比較:例如逆境要先證明有利成長的部分大過不利成長的部分,再證明前者的淨值大過順境才能證成立場。 但是執中學長卻用「那不是你的成長」將順境的利益切得一乾二淨,從而繞開了比較。 那是2003年的國辯決賽,然後,也是在2012年,執中學長和薇薇姐在中大校內的一場表演賽,再次討論了「順境/逆境更有利於人的成長」這個題目,雖然這次他們兩人都是反方,但萬幸的是,在執中學長的博客,有一篇[〈凌晨,一座小小的華山〉](/0Ou-NTBkQ8uzi74k-lyO8A)將賽前交鋒詳細的記錄了下來。 這次,是薇薇姐先出招,直指「成長」核心。她說,所謂成長應是「社會化」之過程。 那麼面對薇薇姐的反方,執中學長怎麼打呢?很簡單,萬物皆平。 所有的論點都有(也只有)三種拉平方式:從前提拉平(成長是社會化)或是從推論雙向拉平(逆境有利於社會化),因此具體來說我們可以依次嘗試「成長不是社會化+逆境不利於社會化/順境有利於社會化」來拉平——這其實也就是「三種反駁」的變體,如果按照三種反駁的整理,那就是A未必造成B(逆境未必有利於社會化)、沒有A也有B(沒有順境=逆境也有利於社會化)、B不重要(社會化不重要=成長不是社會化)。 那麼打平之後,怎麼辦呢?從悲壯感、新奇感、普世性三個角度來看,反社會化的成長不能用;所以,只能也做切割,回去搶順境也能社會化(而順境會寵出不知珍惜的渣男,又跟逆境也會激出恐怖情人照樣打平),於是,最後要比的就是「應然」的轉向:如果順境和逆境都能帶來社會化,那麼我們更期望用哪種方式成長? 換句話說,先看利弊分析雙方優劣,然後想辦法切割、打平,最後上價值。 <br> 第二和第三個例子,主角則是周帥。 還是2012年,也就是鑫茂盃「諸神之戰」的表演賽,打「楊過/郭靖是俠之大者?」 當年,執中學長是正方,他的論點是楊過有自主選擇,郭靖沒有,所以楊過才是俠之大者。十年來,所有支持楊過的,都是這個論點。那麼幫郭靖說話的呢?先是當年周帥,他從「大」說起,一個人被某種東西束縛著才是大,所以沒有選擇恰恰是郭靖之為「大」俠的理由;再是2016年新國辯全能挑戰賽初賽,何有恒從「作者角度」說起,郭靖的沒有選擇恰恰是作者意志之展現,要呈現給讀者什麼是真正的理想的大俠;同年還有熊浩學長,在點評時從「笨」說起,沒有選擇沒有考驗卻不墮落,恰恰是因為郭靖能守住心中透亮的那一點光。再五年,2021年新國辯下半區半決賽還是這個題目,只可惜,我們並沒能看到全新的風景。 然後,時間倒回二十年,2001年的國辯決賽,錢是/不是萬惡之源? 那場比賽,正方就爭兩件事情:一、萬,不是全部;二、反方的惡,也都是從錢而來。 這跟執中學長處理順境/逆境的區別是什麼?後半,同樣是打平;前半,卻沒有切割。 於是2015年,星辯複賽,再次面對這個題目,周帥坦然承認「萬是一切」只是「源是總根,但不是本身」,於是這一次,不管反方如何舉出世間萬般邪惡,正方的打平終於能夠輕鬆愜意:那些惡,也都是從錢而來,從錢將萬事萬物量化,甚至將人物化和工具化的思維而來。隔年,是第六屆世錦賽,在表演賽上討論「現實/理想主導世界」面對正方包辯題的定義,熊浩學長用存在主義和陽明心學的漂亮切割了「導」與「主導」的分別。 01年失敗,12年完成,15年再次挑戰,然後21年…,前十年與後十年。 當然,這都是後話了。鑫茂盃隔年,首屆新國辯,靠著拉平和不成熟的切割,我們終於雪恥獲得冠軍。在[〈新国辩简史〉](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/449516720)中,王肇麟說,那是新國辯的的第一個時代,是「框架意識」的覺醒,但是對我來說,這只是對過去十年的追趕——而不管是當時,還是現在,我們都還沒有越過那華山之巔。 <br> 當然,前提的切割,除了定義之外,我們也可以從其它地方下手,例如用視角做出比較:2016年新國辯初賽H組的「法海應不應拆散許先跟白素貞?」不只有愛情跟蒼生的抉擇,更有法海的佛緣和《白蛇傳》讀者的期待,但是廈大的「第三隻眼」卻是2004年的事情了。又或者藉由「明確論證責任」跳出兩難:2015年複賽「倫理是/不是市場的禁區?」雙方在爭的不是要不要禁止有違倫理的交易行為,而是不能只用倫理做出判斷。但是同樣的,2003年國辯初賽「廣告有利/不利於大眾消費?」的討論中,執中學長就說過,主張廣告不利於大眾消費不是要消滅廣告:不利於大眾消費,卻有利於商家銷售啊! 再往後,2021年新國辯,初賽B組「在當代,浪漫主義是/不是精神陷阱?」正方就打,說浪漫主義是精神陷阱不是反對浪漫主義,而只是在評價背後的風險(甚至因此,我們才更會佩服浪漫主義者的選擇。)上半區半決賽「若最後一難是吃肉,唐僧應該/不應該吃?」則是兩者皆有,正方說這題不是求經書和守戒律的抉擇,因為只要吃自己的肉就沒有破戒——看似雞賊,但反方其實也是同樣邏輯:不管怎麼樣,佛祖都會給你經書。 原本是問,選經書還是選戒律?正方卻說,選經書也不破戒,反方說,不破戒也有經書。這就是因為他們都找到了「題目預設的核心爭議」與「文字給定的論證責任」的落差,而得以避開兩難,站在中間打比賽的理由。而除此之外,他們也各自給出了不同的視角,正方的視角是,佛教對世俗的回應;反方的視角是,故事給讀者的職場啟示。 但還是,沒有新東西。 又或是這幾年大家更熟悉的「躺在定義打比賽」的地板論,也是脫胎自熊浩學長說的未知結構(或是我認為其實是來自政策辯論的搶推定)罷了。這邊就不多舉例子,有興趣的也可以回顧回顧2002年全辯電子科大「網聊有聊/無聊?」的正方論點。 <br> 我是個堅定的貴古論者。而這是我對這二十年來華語辯論既粗糙又不全面的回顧。 前十年與後十年,我們經歷的只是一個追趕和停滯的十年。

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