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--- title: javascript 6.14 AJAX tags: javascript, 5x --- 6.14 0327 javascript AJAX === # Asynchronous JavaScript and XML 非同步的JavaScript and XML AJAX特性: * 使用 javascript 為主要程式語言 * 使用 XML 做為資料交換的格式 * 使用 DocumentObjectModel 的方式編修HTML * 使用 XMLHttpRequest 物件來傳輸與接收資料 * 使用 XHTML 與 CSS 以呈現資料 Ref: https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10074729 # 同步與非同步 同步: 打電話。需要等對方回應才能進行下一個步驟 非同步:傳訊息。不需要等對方回應,可以先去做其他的事情 ## 同步案例:乒乓球 1. 打乒乓球必須一來一回 ```javascript function ping() { console.log('ping!'); } function pong() { console.log('pong!'); } function play() { console.log('Go!'); ping(); pong(); console.log('Game Set!'); } play(); ``` console ```javascript "Go!" "ping!" "pong!" "Game Set!" //按照順序 ``` 2. 加入延遲時間的情況,結果並沒有按照順序 ```javascript function ping() { console.log('ping!'); setTimeout(() => { console.log('殺球!!!'); }, 3000) //3000 mini secs = 3 secs } function pong() { console.log('pong!'); } function play() { console.log('Go!'); ping(); pong(); console.log('Game Set!'); } play(); ``` console ```javascript "Go!" "ping!" "pong!" "Game Set!" "殺球!!!" // 殺球在game set 之後出現 ``` # AJAX優點 1. 非同步:在不更新整個頁面的情況去修改部分的資料 2. 常見用途:API # 1. 非同步語法: `promise(resolve, reject)` `promise()`有兩個參數: 成功`resolve`, 失敗`reject` 1. `resolve`: 成功才做下一步`.then()`,失敗則不做 ```javascript let killer = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { resolve('十萬福特'); }); killer.then( skill => { //上一步成功,才會接到這一步 console.log(skill); }) ``` console ```javascript "十萬福特" ``` 2. `reject`: 失敗時`.then()`沒反應 ```javascript let killer = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { reject('十萬福特'); }); killer.then( skill => { //上一步成功,才會接到這一步 console.log(skill); }) ``` console: 沒有印出資料 ```javascript ``` 3. 失敗時,丟參數進去`.catch(error => )` ```javascript let killer = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { reject('十萬福特'); }); killer.then( skill => { //上一步成功,才會接到這一步 console.log(skill); }).catch( error => { console.log('error = ' + error)} ) ``` console ```javascript "error = 十萬福特" ``` ## `setTimeout()`用途:等到事件完成之後再呈現資料 4. 加入延遲時間的情況 ```javascript let killer = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { resolve('十萬福特'); }, 3000) }); killer.then( skill => { //上一步成功,才會接到這一步 console.log(skill); }).catch(error => { console.log('error = ' + error) }) ``` console: 三秒之後印出十萬伏特 ```javascript "十萬福特" ``` # 練習: 釋放大絕招遊戲 三秒內點五次按鈕,放出大絕招 **元氣玉** 完成品連結 https://codepen.io/tingtinghsu/full/qwbrMr Step 1. jQuery起手式 ```javascript $(document).ready(() => { }); ``` Step 2. 抓`hitbutton` ```javascript $(document).ready(() => { $('#hitButton').click( evt => { }) }); ``` Step 3. 點擊計數 ```javascript let chi = 0; $(document).ready(() => { $('#hitButton').click( evt => { evt.preventDefault(); chi += 1; $('#hitButton').text(`集氣 (${chi} 次) `); }) }); ``` Step 4. 設定 `promise` 函數: 成功resolve, 失敗reject ```javascript let 大絕招 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { if( chi >= 5 ) { resolve('元氣玉'); } else { reject('元氣玉'); } }, 3000) }) ``` Step5. 成功和失敗時所呈現的html ```javascript 大絕招.then(招式 => { $('#result').html(`使用絕招:${招式}`) }).catch(err => { $('#result').html(`${err}無法使用!`) }) ``` Step5. 整理成一行 ```javascript 大絕招 .then(招式 => $('#result').html(`使用絕招:${招式}`)) .catch(err => $('#result').html(`${err}無法使用!`)) ``` 小結 ```javascript // javascript程式碼寫在這裡 let chi = 0; $(document).ready(() => { $('#hitButton').click( evt => { evt.preventDefault(); chi += 1; $('#hitButton').text(`集氣 (${chi} 次) `); }) }); let 大絕招 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { if( chi >= 5 ) { resolve('元氣玉'); } else { reject('元氣玉'); } }, 3000) }); 大絕招.then(招式 => { $('#result').html(`使用絕招:${招式}`) }).catch(err => { $('#result').html(`${err}無法使用!`) }) ``` # 2. 什麼是API Application Programming Interface 應用程式介面 提供開發人員一些預先定義好的函式庫,可以快速使用其功能而不必了解實際運作。 ## 常見的Web API回應格式 JSON / XML / CSV ## JSON JavaScript Object Notation JS物件表示法 JSON資料格式的表示 https://jsoneditoronline.org/ 物件(object)用大括號 { } 陣列(array)用中括號 [ ] 範例: ```json { "name": "Ting", "lastname": "Ting", "report": [ { "subject": "Math", "score": 80 }, { "subject": "English", "score": 90 } ] } ``` ## XML Extensible-Markup Language 可延伸標記語言 有含意的標籤取名 ```xml <news> <to>日本</to> <from>台灣</from> <heading>鈴木一朗要退休了!</heading> <body>不.....................</body> </news> ``` ## CSV Comma-Separated Values 逗號分隔值 ```xml "1997","Ford","E350" ``` # 練習: 製作API抓取網路資料 農產品價格 完成品:https://codepen.io/tingtinghsu/full/QPyerz Step 1. jQuery起手式 ```javascript //希望DOM元素載完再做其他的事情 $().ready(() => { }); ``` ## 抓網路資料 `fetch()` 抓資料網址http://data.coa.gov.tw/Service/OpenData/FromM/FarmTransData.aspx Step 2. `fetch()` 回傳一個Promise(). then()可以接著處理抓回來的資料 ```javascript //DOM元素載完後再做其他的事情 $().ready(() => { fetch('http://data.coa.gov.tw/Service/OpenData/FromM/FarmTransData.aspx').then( response => { console.log(response)}) }); ``` console 出現錯誤訊息: ```javascript Cross-Origin Request Blocked: The Same Origin Policy disallows reading the remote resource at http://data.coa.gov.tw/Service/OpenData/FromM/FarmTransData.aspx. (Reason: CORS header ‘Access-Control-Allow-Origin’ missing). ``` ## CORS的含義 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing 跨網域資料分享 若是抓取的網站沒有開CORS,可以 1. 使用CORS Proxy(可能不太穩定) 2. 用後端程式抓 改成另外的網址 ```javascript //DOM元素載完後再做其他的事情 $().ready(() => { fetch('https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=香蕉').then( response => { console.log(response)}) }); ``` console ```javascript Response { type: "cors", url: "https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89", redirected: false, status: 200, ok: true, statusText: "OK", headers: Headers, body: ReadableStream, bodyUsed: false } ``` Step 3. 把抓取菜價的功能提出成為`function getVegetablePrice()` 可傳不同的蔬菜參數進去 ```javascript $().ready(() => { getVegetable('香蕉'); }); function getVegetable(item) { fetch(`https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=${item}`).then( response => { console.log(response) }) } ``` console ```javascript Response { type: "cors", url: "https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89", redirected: false, status: 200, ok: true, statusText: "OK", headers: Headers, body: ReadableStream, bodyUsed: false } ``` Step 4. 解析轉成json格式,再回傳一個promise ```javascript function getVegetable(item) { fetch(`https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=${item}`) .then( response => { // 解析轉成json格式 return response.json() // 再回傳一個promise }) .then(data => {console.log(data)}) } ``` console ```bash= item: "香蕉" ​ prices: (9) […] 0: Object { market: "台北二", price: 23.8 } 1: Object { market: "台北一", price: 22.4 } 2: Object { market: "板橋區", price: 24.6 } 3: Object { market: "三重區", price: 24.7 } 4: Object { market: "宜蘭市", price: 22 } 5: Object { market: "台中市", price: 21.2 } 6: Object { market: "豐原區", price: 19.38 } 7: Object { market: "高雄市", price: 25 } 8: Object { market: "鳳山區", price: 23 } length: 9 ``` ## 將抓取的資料做成圖表 ### installation Chart.js:https://cdnjs.com/libraries/Chart.js 將js檔案另存新檔,放入資料夾。 ### usage https://www.chartjs.org/docs/latest/getting-started/usage.html html ```htmlmixed <head> <script src="scripts/Chart.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <canvas id="myChart" width="400" height="400"></canvas> <script src="scripts/script.js"></script> </body> ``` javascript ```javascript= function getVegetable(item) { fetch(`https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=${item}`) .then( response => { // 解析轉成json格式 return response.json() // 再回傳一個promise }) .then(data => { renderChart(data);}) //畫圖 } ``` Step 5. renderchart抓取蔬果資料(變數: market/price) ES6的 `.map()`: 針對某個陣列的每個元素做某件事情,再重新搜集成一個陣列 ```javascript= function renderChart(data) { let markets = data["prices"].map(p => { return p.market //等於 return price["market"] }) //測試 console.log(markets); let prices = data["prices"].map(p => { return p["price"] }) // 測試 console.log(prices); ``` 整理更簡潔的程式碼 ```javascript let markets = data["prices"].map(p => p.market) let prices = data["prices"].map(p => p.price) ``` 最後,把抓好的資料填進去圖表! ```javascript let title = `${data.item}價格`; var ctx = $('#myChart'); var myChart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'bar', data: { labels: markets, //各地市場 datasets: [{ label: title, // 標題 data: prices, // 價格 backgroundColor: [ 'rgba(255, 99, 132, 0.2)', 'rgba(54, 162, 235, 0.2)', 'rgba(255, 206, 86, 0.2)', 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 0.2)', 'rgba(153, 102, 255, 0.2)', 'rgba(255, 159, 64, 0.2)', 'rgba(155, 199, 132, 0.2)', 'rgba(54, 162, 235, 0.2)', 'rgba(255, 206, 86, 0.2)' ], borderColor: [ 'rgba(255, 99, 132, 1)', 'rgba(54, 162, 235, 1)', 'rgba(255, 206, 86, 1)', 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', 'rgba(153, 102, 255, 1)', 'rgba(255, 159, 64, 1)' ], borderWidth: 1 }] }, options: { scales: { yAxes: [{ ticks: { beginAtZero: true } }] } } ``` # 附錄 JSON Viewer(Chrome 外掛):https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/json-viewer/gbmdgpbipfallnflgajpaliibnhdgobh?hl=zh-TW Chart.js:https://www.chartjs.org/ 政府資料交換平台:https://data.gov.tw/ 農產品交易行情(官方版):https://data.gov.tw/dataset/8066 農產品交易行情(特製版):https://ubin.io/data/vegetables?item=香蕉

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