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    {%hackmd theme-dark %} 回主頁:[底盤手臂的數學原理 Chassis manipulator Principia Mathematica](/KnW9poVJQY-sj_Gt29VmCQ) 這篇會介紹單個輪子的運動特性,下一篇會開始將多個輪子組合起來 * 假設所有輪子都是<font color="#68DBEC">純滾動</font> * 速度分量圖中主動速度分量以<font color="#9CF763">綠色</font>標示,從動速度分量以<font color="#68DBEC">藍色</font>標示,合速度以**黑色**標示 * 每張速度分量視角皆為<font color="#9CF763">自上而下</font>,原點為輪子與地面接觸點 > 輪子分成: > * <font color="#9CF763">有動力(主動) --- 無動力(從動) > * 定向移動 --- 全向移動</font> [^打滑]:在本篇中的打滑定義為encoder無法捕捉到的資訊,如動摩擦力產生時的空轉及小輪的隨意滾動,不過小輪部分在能組合出的輪子布局中理論上都不會發生 主動與從動的差別應該很明顯,而定向和全向的差別在於一個輪子是否能夠同時向兩個方向(X方向和Y方向)移動而非打滑[^打滑]移動 --- ### 定向移動輪子介紹 #### 差動輪 > 主動的定向輪,基本上就是我們平常見到的輪子:neutral_face: > ![差動輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1NalRRcn.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkUN2Jqih.png =x200) :::success :::spoiler 現實應用 <center> ![坦克範例豹2A8](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1h61jCqh.png =x180)![車子ALTIS](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1YIesC92.png =x180) 坦克和汽車都算是差動輪驅動,但比機器人的差動輪底盤複雜億些 </center> ::: ### 全向移動輪子介紹 全向移動輪的概念是將原本的差動輪改造,在圓周上加上許多可以自由轉動的小輪[^滾輪],增加輪子的[自由度](https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6)),由小輪接觸地面且可以自由滑動,並藉相對運動原理疊加速度... [^滾輪]:為了不與滾筒名詞混淆,網路上稱滾輪,本文稱小輪,主動部分則為大輪 #### 1. 全向輪--- omni wheel > 加上滾輪(小輪)的差動輪 --- J. Grabowiecki 於 1919 年首次為該輪子申請了專利 ![全向輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rks-XCA92.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJxKnk9jn.png =x200) 全向輪是在差動輪的接觸面上再增加垂直於其速度方向的小輪,讓這個輪子擁有y方向的自由度,達成全向移動 #### 2. 麥克納姆輪--- Mecanum wheel > 滾輪(小輪)旋轉45°的全向輪 --- 1973年由在瑞典麥克納姆公司工作的工程師本特·艾隆發明 ![麥克納姆輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rk5umCC5h.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SypR3k5in.png =x200) ![麥克納姆左右輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1lQKBUih.png =450x) 麥克納姆輪有左右輪之分 [^滾筒]:網路上也有人將這個概念稱為無動力麥克納姆輪 :::spoiler 麥克納姆原理 要理解麥克納姆輪,還要引入一個新概念---<font color="#9CF763">**滾筒**</font>[^滾筒] ![滾筒全向輪疊加](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryBzSamih.png =x200) 麥克納姆輪可以投影成滾筒與全向輪分量,其中垂直小輪旋轉方向的是全向輪,平行小輪旋轉方向的是滾筒。滾筒上的速度分量總是被自身抵銷,只有萬向輪保留速度分量 :::success :::spoiler **滾筒** 滾筒是一個類似於全向輪的想像輪子,差別在於滾筒的小輪與大輪同向(平行),這使得當滾筒的大輪轉動時,小輪會產生等大反向的轉動,把速度吃掉,輪子不會向前進,只會留在原地旋轉。(滾筒就是一個那麼廢的存在,所以只存在想像中 :expressionless:),但小輪仍有滑動能力 <center> ![滾筒照片正視圖](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByhujcR9n.jpg =x250)![滾筒照片右視圖](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJbFiq0qn.jpg =x250) </center> ::: #### 3. 廣義全向輪 如果我們將全向移動輪的概念抽象化,小輪的角度可以任意改變,則有: 可被視為對一個旋轉坐標系的投影 ![架構圖](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJX6jJcsh.png) :::success :::spoiler 補充--- 從動輪 <font color="#000000"> 定向輪 ![定向輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S18pP6R93.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByjlN97o3.png =x200) 萬向輪 > <font color="#000000">可以旋轉的定向輪</font> ![萬向輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ8c1CCc3.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkP8S5mj3.png =x200) [^萬向輪偏軸]: A: 萬向輪在本質上還是會旋轉的定向輪,如果沒有偏軸,外力無法產生力矩使輪子轉動(輪子與地面接觸點作支點) ><font color="#000000">Q:為什麼萬向輪的輪子要偏軸</font>[^萬向輪偏軸]:thinking_face: 滾珠萬向輪(牛眼輪)</font> ![牛眼輪](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1sHgCCqn.png =x200) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1Nyr9Xi3.png =x200) :::

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