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    ###### tags:`數學` `數學教室` `國高中數學` `淺談` `三角形面積` # 淺談 - 三角形面積公式 >作者:啊綸 >[time=20200308] 這篇想要討論的是從小開始會接觸到的幾何圖形:三角形。它的面積公式我們也會陸續在不同階段的數學課學習到,因此想藉由這篇文章做個整理,希望讓讀者可以理解這個橫跨國小到高中的美妙幾何形狀。 ## 一切的開始,矩形的一半 底 $\times$ 高 $\div 2$,這是我們最早得知的三角形面積公式,只要給定三角形其中一邊為底,找出相對應的高,就能夠計算面積。 <p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/ldIIUwW.jpg" width="50%"></p> 如圖,底為 $d$ ,高為 $h$,面積則為 \begin{equation} \triangle = \dfrac{1}{2}dh \end{equation} ## 運用三角函數 如果我們要算的三角形,高不太方便直接測量得知時,就可以運用三角函數來幫助我們把想要的高求出來。 令三角形某兩邊分別為 $a, b$,兩邊夾角為 $\theta$,如圖 <p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/FTPDDUM.jpg" width="50%"></p> 我們假設底邊為 $a$,畫出對應的高,令為 $h$,需要知道 $h$ 的值才能使用前面的面積公式。 透過三角函數,可以求得 $h =b \sin{\theta}$ 因此將原始的三角形面積公式改寫成: \begin{equation} \triangle = \dfrac{1}{2} ab \sin{\theta} \end{equation} ## 外接圓 若有一個圓,使三角形的三個頂點都在該圓上,那麼我們稱這個圓是此三角形的外接圓,而這個圓的圓心稱為此三角形的外心。 令三角形$\triangle ABC$的邊長分別為 $a,b,c$,其外接圓 $O$ 的半徑為 $R$,如圖。($AB = c, BC = a, CA = b, OA = OB = OC = R$) <img src="https://i.imgur.com/B001hcW.png" width="65%"> 為了方便我們將 $\triangle ABC$的三個內角度數分別記為 $\angle A, \angle B, \angle C$,根據三角函數版本的面積公式,我們知道:$\triangle ABC = \dfrac{1}{2} ab \sin{\angle C}$ 這時需要知道 $\sin{\angle C}$的值,不過我們可以利用其他已知資訊來替換掉它。 >回顧一下正弦定理: >對任意三角形 $\triangle ABC$ ,$a,b,c$ 分別為 $\angle A , \angle B , \angle C$ 的對邊,$R$ 為$\triangle ABC$ 的外接圓半徑,則: >\begin{equation} >\dfrac{a}{\sin{\angle A}} = \dfrac{b}{\sin{\angle B}} = \dfrac{c}{\sin{\angle C}} = 2R >\end{equation} 應用正弦定理,我們得到 $\sin{\angle C} = \dfrac{c}{2R}$ 代入前面的面積公式可得到 $\triangle ABC = \dfrac{1}{2} ab \dfrac{c}{2R} = \dfrac{abc}{4R}$ 所以三角形面積為: \begin{equation} \triangle ABC = \dfrac{abc}{4R} \end{equation} ## 內切圓 講到三角形外接圓也順便提一下內切圓。 若有一個圓在三角形的內部,且三角形的三條邊都各自與該圓相切,則此圓稱為三角形的內切圓,而圓心稱為三角形的內心。 設有一三角形$\triangle ABC$,$\angle A, \angle B, \angle C$ 的對邊分別為 $a,b,c$,其內切圓 $I$ 的半徑為 $r$ ,如圖。 <img src="https://i.imgur.com/Gsl6GTs.png" width="70%"> 連接 $\overline{IA}, \overline{IB}, \overline{IC}$,將$\triangle ABC$ 分成三個小三角形,則 $\triangle ABC$ 的面積就是這三個三角形面積的總和。 <img src="https://i.imgur.com/BUOGYbj.png" width="70%"> 利用圓心到切點的連線會和該切線垂直的性質,我們分別作 $\overline{ID}, \overline{IE}, \overline{IF}$ 垂直 $\overline{BC}, \overline{CA}, \overline{AB}$,觀察發現 $\overline{ID}, \overline{IE}, \overline{IF}$ 都是內切圓半徑。 得到 $\overline{ID} = \overline{IE} = \overline{IF} = r$ 若以 $\overline{BC}, \overline{CA}, \overline{AB}$ 分別為小三角形的底,對應的高即為 $\overline{ID}, \overline{IE}, \overline{IF}$ 分別計算小三角形的面積再加起來: $\triangle ABC = \triangle IBC + \triangle ICA + \triangle IAB = \dfrac{ra}{2} + \dfrac{rb}{2} + \dfrac{rc}{2} = \dfrac{r(a+b+c)}{2}$ 所以得到三角形面積為: \begin{equation} \triangle ABC = \dfrac{r(a+b+c)}{2} \end{equation} ## 向量版本 我們也可以將向量的概念帶進來,題目就會變成,若有兩個向量 $\vec a\ ,\vec b$ ,則其張開所形成的三角形面積為何?(如圖所示) <p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/eC9EjJk.jpg" width="50%"></p> 令 $a = |\vec a|, b = |\vec b|$ 根據前面我們得到的三角函數版本的面積公式,可以改寫成: $\triangle = \dfrac{1}{2} |\vec a||\vec b| \sin{\theta}$ 因為 $\sin^2{\theta} + \cos^2{\theta} = 1$ 且 $0 < \theta < \pi$ 我們得到 \begin{equation} \begin{split} \triangle &= \dfrac{1}{2} |\vec a||\vec b| \sqrt{1-\cos^2{\theta}}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{|\vec a|^2 |\vec b|^2 - |\vec a|^2 |\vec b|^2 \cos^2{\theta}} \end{split} \end{equation} 因為 $\vec a \cdot \vec b= |\vec a||\vec b| \cos{\theta}$ 所以得到: \begin{equation} \triangle = \dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{|\vec a|^2 |\vec b|^2 - (\vec a \cdot \vec b)^2} \end{equation} ## 行列式的引入 ### 平面向量 由向量版本可以更進一步的得到與行列式的連結,我們將平面向量的分量定好,令 $\vec a = (a_1, a_2), \vec b = (b_1, b_2)$ 代入向量版本的面積公式,展開計算: \begin{equation} \begin{split} \triangle &= \dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{(a_1^2 + a_2^2)(b_1^2 + b_2^2)-(a_1b_1+a_2b_2)^2}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{a_1^2b_1^2 + a_2^2b_1^2 + a_1^2b_2^2 + a_2^2b_2^2 - a_1^2b_1^2 - 2a_1b_1a_2b_2 - a_2^2b_2^2}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{a_2^2b_1^2 - 2a_1b_1a_2b_2 + a_1^2b_2^2}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} \sqrt{(a_1b_2 - a_2b_1)^2}\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} |a_1b_2 - a_2b_1|\\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} | \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1& a_2\\ b_1& b_2 \end{array}\right| | \end{split} \end{equation} 所以向量所展開的三角形面積可以用行列式來表示。 ### 已知三點坐標 設平面上三角形三頂點的坐標分別為 $A(a_1, a_2), B(b_1, b_2), C(c_1, c_2)$,我們可以先以 $C$ 點為定點,$\vec{a} = CA$向量,$\vec{b} = CB$向量,則 $\vec{a} = (a_1 - c_1, a_2 - c_2)$ $\vec{b} = (b_1 - c_1, b_2 - c_2)$ 根據前面的行列式版本的公式可知,$\triangle = \dfrac{1}{2} | \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 - c_1& a_2 - c_2\\ b_1 - c_1& b_2 - c_2 \end{array}\right| |$ 觀察發現, $\left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 - c_1 & a_2 - c_2\\ b_1 - c_1 & b_2 - c_2 \end{array}\right| = \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 - c_1 & a_2 - c_2 & 0\\ b_1 - c_1 & b_2 - c_2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right|$ 我們接著運用一些<font color="red">行列式的性質</font>: 1. 將一行(列)的 $k$ 倍加到另一行(列)中,行列式值不變 利用這項性質可以整理上面行列式: \begin{equation} \begin{split} \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 - c_1 & a_2 - c_2 & 0\\ b_1 - c_1 & b_2 - c_2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right| &= \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 - c_1 & a_2 - c_2 & 0\\ b_1 - c_1 & b_2 - c_2 & 0\\ c_1 & c_2 & 1 \end{array}\right|\\ &= \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 & a_2 & 1\\ b_1 & b_2 & 1\\ c_1 & c_2 & 1 \end{array}\right| \end{split} \end{equation} 因此若已知平面上三角形的三頂點坐標,其面積等於 \begin{equation} \triangle = \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 & a_2 & 1\\ b_1 & b_2 & 1\\ c_1 & c_2 & 1 \end{array}\right| \end{equation} ## 海龍公式 若三角形三邊長分別為 $a, b, c$ 令$s=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}$,也就是三角形周長的一半 則三角形面積為 $\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$ (證明日後待補) --- >在此感謝國中同學的圖片協助與大學朋友的課程脈絡提供[color=red]

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