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    # 太空垃圾 > 人與環境報告 ## 動機 會想做這個主題的動機,可能是因為最近突然重啟對太空的熱情,再加上這個題材也蠻特殊的。就某種層面,太空垃圾的範圍屬於地球的生態圈,但又某種層面又不是,地球範圍外的太空垃圾,因此想做這個主題。 來源 -- 目前太空垃圾主要的來源有三種:使用過的火箭、損壞的衛星、遺失的器材、人未散布或凱斯勒現象的產物。 ### 使用過的火箭 因為早期的火箭是採用漸進式火箭引擎並且沒有回收功能,因此推進器的燃料用盡,即會丟棄它,便會產生許多的太空垃圾。所幸近期的火箭都有回收功能或反推功能,在大氣中燒毀,但火箭失事還是會產生太空垃圾的。 ### 損壞的衛星 目前大部分的衛星如果要淘汰了,都會自行墜入大氣,但某些老舊或軌道比高的衛星,就有可能會在墜毀的過程中,因為失靈或其他技術原因,而導致停留在軌道且無法操控,並成為太空垃圾。 ### 遺失的器材 跟其他的相對較少,但這些都有著非常有趣的故事。像是第一位太空漫步的美國人--Ed White就丟了一隻手套在太空中;在STS-88的任務中,有一個保溫睡袋,因為垃圾袋破了,而留在在太空中。還有更多的有趣故事,請自行去望路上搜尋。 ### 人為散布 目前最大型的一次就是中國進行的一次反衛星實驗,發射武器將老舊的氣象衛星摧毀。然而這次測試卻造成了超過2300個且體積大於高爾夫球的太空垃圾、約3500個直徑約1公分的太空垃圾以及100多萬個大於1毫米的太空垃圾。 ### 凱斯勒現象 簡單的說,就是太空垃圾比次會**互相碰撞**,碰撞後產生更多的太空垃圾,這群太空垃圾再發生更多的碰撞。就有點像是核分裂會,因為一個小小的反應,而產生更多的連鎖反應,最終的結果是人類的人造衛星會發射上去就被太空垃圾摧毀;或者是火箭之類的太空旅行裝置,一升空就被太空垃圾摧毀,也就是無法進行太空旅行。 ## 問題及影響 目前最大的影響大概就是我們的人造衛星(包含ISS)可能會被太空垃圾會以時速約28000公里的速度撞上,這傷害非同小可啊,子彈也只有每小時2750公里而已。傷害大概會長這樣⬇️⬇️⬇️ ![](https://i.imgur.com/EyCoWma.jpg) 國際太空站更為了避免受到傷害,而讓它自己穿上了防彈衣。但若他們真的遇到了非常巨大的太空垃圾,他們就必須讓它自己偏移會被打到的軌道,而燃料也不是用之不盡的,必須從地球送上去,但每運送一公斤的物品上太空,就必須花費一萬美元,這也造成了巨大的金錢負擔與環境汙染 也許你會覺得這對在地球上的你沒什麼傷害,但其實傷害蠻不小的。像是如果那些太空垃圾是撞上氣想相關的衛星,那也許氣象預報就會不太準;或者是撞上GPS衛星,那可會造成導航突然失靈,帶著去奇怪的地方;又或者是跟網路有關的衛星,那可是會帶來天大的傷害阿。甚至是衛星或太空船走可能會被太空垃圾擊中,而墜落下來,形成另類隕石。 ## 解決方法 ### 短期 人類目前面對這類的太空垃圾的問題,就都是藉由太空監視網路(SSN)追蹤所有可偵測的太空垃圾,在進行讓衛星及ISS迴避的動作,但目前迴避是不能無限進行,因此若是衛星已經不能再迴避了,很可能就要退役了;而ISS遇到這種問題,無法迴避,那上面的人員就要按照流程,進去"Pizza box"的逃生艇,等待指揮中心的指示。總之,我們目前都還只能消極地面對。 ### 長期 長期的話當然就是盡可能地清理太空垃圾,然而這必須花費相當大的技術與金錢,不過目前還是有發展出幾個可行的模型。 + 發射某種東西(類似魚叉),讓太空垃圾減速並墜毀在大氣層。 + 發射能捕捉太空垃圾的貨車,載滿後再墜毀於地球。 + 發射一個連接太空垃圾的電纜,對太空垃圾通電後,始知減速並墜毀於大氣層。 以上幾種方法都會需要用到"發射"這項動作,也就是會地球帶來一定的溫室效應,因此目前似乎還是還沒有比較環保的作法。 ## 簡報 [簡報連結](https://www.canva.com/design/DAEiRnS9Oao/FKGehshQmiRLWHAQarSDew/watch?utm_content=DAEiRnS9Oao&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink) ![](https://i.imgur.com/3sZlhP2.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/4DlOh0v.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/474wwWH.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/p2iDNiF.jpg) ## 參考資料 + [Space debris. (2021, 30 June). In *Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia*. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris) + [太空垃圾。(2021, 9 May)。 In *Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia*. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE) + [Jennifer Green, (2021, April 9). Space junk map tracks 200 ‘ticking time bombs’. BBC News. from https://www.bbc.com](https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-56845104) + [(2020年5月26日)。太空垃圾泛濫成災 盤點幾種潛在清理方案。BBC NEWS 中文。檢自:https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen](https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/science-52807475) + [Mark Garcia, (2021, May 27). Space Debris and Human Spacecraft, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html) + [Shukrant Tanwar, (2019, December 16). How fast does a bullet travel?. Medium. Retrieved from https://medium.com/](https://medium.com/science-widget/how-fast-does-a-bullet-travel-d42e3d616692) + 簡報製作:[Canva](https://www.canva.com/zh_tw/) ## 原文連結 > https://hackmd.io/@zack-404/SpaceDebris

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