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    # 台語羅馬字:基本字母與發音 此篇介紹台羅拼音的字母,為了語音的表達與紀錄,學習一套能夠表達聲音的符號非常重要,才能夠在沒有旁人口說教學的情況學習字詞的發音,同時用來注音的符號本身也可視作文字,在台語環境漸漸缺乏的當下,要能找到流利的母語人士即時地傳授發音並不容易,因此羅馬44拼音絕對是現代要學習台語者不可或缺的工具! 台羅全名「[臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案(wiki連結)](https://https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88)」,是2006年時由教育部頒訂。現在國中小的本土語言課程就是採用台羅拼音。除了台羅以外,在台灣尚有另一套流通的拼音符號稱作「[白話字](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97)」,又稱POJ(Pe̍h-ōe-jī)或教羅(教會羅馬字),是19世紀由基督教長老教會創造,當時許多報紙、書籍、聖經、字典等便以POJ來寫作台語,有其歷史地位,不過POJ與台羅的拼音差異不大,學會其中一項後要轉換並不困難,在這裡便只介紹台羅拼音符號囉。 --- ## 關於發音 發聲,就是空氣從肺部一路到嘴巴出來的路上受到我們喉嚨、口腔、嘴巴、鼻子等等的形狀改變、路徑改變,空氣的振動跟著改變,就形成不同音效。人在發出聲音時最主要有兩個成份在調節音色,一個是聲帶振動的程度(影響聲音的清濁),一個是改變唇、齒、口等等地方的形狀,把某些通氣的路徑堵塞住(成阻closure),來製造不同的共鳴腔。 >例如我們在發肉(bah)跟百(pah)這兩個字時,同樣都是用雙唇緊閉的方式來**堵塞**氣流,然後再把雙唇放開,放開後嘴巴張大(這個形狀我們就用**母音a**來描述),在發bah時,我們的聲帶、喉頭全程都有明顯的振動(從雙脣還閉著就開始),稱作**濁音**;pah則沒有,稱作**清音**。 >>這裡聽發音:[百pah](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E7%99%BE)、[肉bah](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E8%82%89) ## 拼音字母 ### 聲母 台語有17個聲母再加上一個零聲母,底下以發音部位分組列表。 要注意的是,表中**華語注音符號並不一定能準確表達台語的發音**,僅供給華語使用者參考作為學習時的輔助。 >雙唇音:雙唇閉起擋住氣流,再放開發出聲音 >不過m擋住口腔的氣流時,氣流改從鼻腔洩出 | 台羅符號 | 國際音標IPA | 對應注音 | 範例 | |:--------:|:-----------:|:--------:|:-------------------------------------------:| | p | [p] | ㄅ | [百pah](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E7%99%BE) | | ph | [p^h^] | ㄆ | [拍phah](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E6%8B%8D) | | b | [b] | | [肉bah](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E8%82%89) | | m | [m] | ㄇ | [媽má](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E5%AA%BD) | >舌尖中音:這組音是把舌尖放在門牙與牙齦交界處,一樣擋住氣流再放開發出聲音 >不過n、l並沒有完全擋住氣流,n氣流從鼻腔洩出、l氣流從舌頭的兩側流出 | 台羅符號 | 國際音標IPA | 對應注音 | 範例 | |:--------:|:-----------:|:--------:|:----:| | t | [t] | ㄉ |[豬ti](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E8%B1%AC) | | th | [t^h^] | ㄊ |[通thang](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E9%80%9A) | | n | [n] | ㄋ |[籃nâ](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E7%B1%83) | | l | [l] | ㄌ |[南lâm](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E5%8D%97) | >舌根音:舌根堵住氣流再放開發出聲音 >ng堵住氣流時,氣從鼻腔洩出 | 台羅符號 | 國際音標IPA | 對應注音 | 範例 | | -------- | ----------- | -------- | ---- | | k |[k] |ㄍ |[家ka](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E5%AE%B6) | | kh |[k^h^] |ㄎ |[跤kha](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E8%B7%A4) | | g |[g] | |[牛gû](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E7%89%9B) | | ng |[ŋ] | |[雅ngá](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E6%96%87%E9%9B%85) | | h |[h] |ㄏ |[下hā](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E4%B8%8B) | >舌尖前音:這組一樣是舌尖音,但是舌頭更靠前,只靠在門牙前側不碰牙齦,且並不把氣流完全堵住,空氣從阻擋的隙縫中穿過發出聲音 | 台羅符號 | 國際音標IPA | 對應注音 | 範例 | | -------- | ----------- | -------- | ---- | | ts |[ts] |ㄗ |[早tsá](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E6%97%A9) | | tsh |[ts^h^] |ㄘ |[臊tsho](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E8%87%8A) | | s |[s] |ㄙ |[三sann](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E4%B8%89) | | j |[dz] | |[入ji̍p](https://www.moedict.tw/'%E5%85%A5) | ### 韻母 元音是指發生的過程中不阻礙氣流通行所發出來的音,又稱作母音。雖然不阻礙氣流,不過透過改變口腔的大小、嘴唇的形狀等等還是可以發出各種不同的音色。 >單元音韻母:台語最基礎的主要元音有6個,透過這6個基礎元音,還可以跟其他元音或韻尾組合成各種不同的韻母 | 台羅符號 | 國際音標IPA | 對應注音 | 範例 | | -------- | ----------- | -------- | ---- | | a |[a] |ㄚ | | | i |[i] |ㄧ | | | u |[u] |ㄨ | | | e |[e] |ㄝ | | | oo |[ɔ] |ㄛ | | | o |[ə] |ㄜ | | ## 聲調與調號 ## IPA國際音標 (International Phonetic Alphabet) ## ## 參考資料 * 花蓮文瀾台語班 上課講義與課程筆記 * 教育部臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 * 教育部臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音教學網 * 圖解閩南語概論 * 古音之旅 * 維基百科 * 萌典

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