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    一、totality 整体性 ----------------------- (关于日常生活研究,我们发现我们被迫再一次看向形式) 我们学习具体的categories清单和概念是为了定义他们的相对重要性并在我们有限的学科范围内运用他们。具体并不排除形式,特定并不排除一般。我们需要一个精确而弹性的思想工具去工作。 1远离了整体性,知识就没有了结构。 2思想被埋藏在巨大的杂乱地下。当我们尝试把知识具体化(结构化),我们就将知识从内部给破坏了。 a)每一个人类活动渴望成为整体 ----------------------------------- 1每一个人类活动都想变成universal普遍通性。 2人类活动通过作品works让人类活动自己成为真实 3它被totalized的瞬间也是它内在失败的瞬间。 4日常 - 提升到一个整体的高度前,能说清楚它自己的需求,状态和尊严 社会实践想变成整体的具体例子: eg宗教、哲学、科学整体、各个学科、政治经济、国家、艺术和文化 b)碎片整体 --------------------------------------- 1这个碎片的整体的概念,成为我们社会的一个重要特征(每一个在尝试占有现实并丰富了现实)。 每一个活动都创造了再现,将自己表现为生产的和异化的在一个大尺度。异化由此成为现实 2一开始是生产的,后来是异化的 3每一次努力都是基于假说的。 c)碎片整体关于world的声明 ---------------------------------------------- 自我整体化的world声明是消极的 (艺术家vs哲学家对于world的转化) (马克思与整体这个概念的关系) (哲学和国家的关系) - 1真实世界,我们的日常,被作为整体的下一级。 2所以如果哲学和国家是世界真实的一部分,它们必须死亡。(他们与日常存在对抗) (黑格尔认为哲学和国家可以豁免世界,但马克思认为能够豁免的是艺术和道德) totality这个概念有好有坏。没有它我们不可能产生理论思想;有了它,理论思想会冒着变成教条主义的风险。 马克思为了思考资本主义作为一个totality,他从定义什么是可能的开始 - 社会主义。 d)对于totality的渴望 --- 一个矛盾策略 --- 两难情况 ------------------------------------------------------------ 没有这个初始的,对totality的渴望,我们就没有行动并不能获得知识。 (每一个整体都会提出一种策略 – 认为自己是一个整体 --- 为了实现这个整体的渴望) 由此产生了一个策略---发展知识以作为实践的一个元素,但又拒绝实践里面的分离。 由此,整体化不是自然而然的,而是strategically策略化,programmatically功能化的。 我们陷入了两难 - 我们认识知识应该从整体还是部分?从一般还是从特例开始? e)Total Phenomenon -------------------------------------- 如何捕捉total phenomenon? total phenomenon多样性在社会实践的观察中实现。它从差异和矛盾中构建自身的定义。 formants共振波 - 每一个多样性联系着其他多样性,捕捉到一个人类的整体现象total human phenomenon。 total human phenomenon的分项 --- 需求need 劳动labour 愉悦pleasure -------------------------------------------------------- 第一维度 - 需求need 第二维度 - 劳动labour 只有人类通过工具和方法讨论自身的存在与自然的关系:工具,材料,语言,技术,产品和物件。劳动既出发于满足基本和自然的需求,同时它也创造需求的转化 劳动既出发于满足基本和自然的需求,同时它也创造需求的转化,人类社会就是如此被创造-通过人类身体和人类物理行为,工作,生产,物件,货物。人类世界并没有准确限制;在技术和劳动,与不可知之间没有任何阻碍。这是一个广阔,不确定,并被大量居住的领域 - 日常的领域。 需求 --- 社会需求 --- 能力&权力 --- 个人追求能力和权力 --- 欲望 随着能力和权力在一边,欲望的不确定性在另一边,一对辩证运动产生了,填充了日常生活。 例子 - 性 - 1性需求从来没有让自身分离于性 2同时,性行动不能被看作一个简单连续的运动,它内部蕴含着成千上万变动的方面。它穿越了相互远离的领域 3性超越自身的社会上下文去寻求绝对,但是它仍然投入到自然的深度之中,进入深刻的辩证矛盾之中。 第三维度 – 愉悦pleasure 一旦需求变成权力和意愿,一旦转变为欲望,它就渴求pleasure愉悦。 三个定义,三个格式,三种维度:需求need,labour劳动,pleasure愉悦。 (补充一个潜在维度play) 二、reality 真实 ------------------------------------------------- 什么是真实?它是知识的object和objective,行动的支点。我们接触它,我们抓住它,要么观察它,要么转译它。 无论谁尝试转译真实总是会失去和它的联系。 为此我们需要区分actual实际上和real真实,以及当下present和real真实。 (可能性possible) 让我们从real真实里面的possible可能性开始思考。可能性打开了真实。 (选择) 去选择就是去行动让不可能变为可能,让可能变成不可能。 a)真实的认知reality of consciousness -------------------------------------- 一旦reality真实这个词被恋物化了,就产生了无数的坏处。它破坏了特异性和差异性。为此我们需要说清楚什么是真实的认知reality of consciousness 认知否定真实。(认识一个事物,我们需要假设它们不完整的,必须不断破坏这个事实) 认知是必须的,又是自由的。 一旦我们认为reality只是身边的物质性,我们就进入一个困境。任何一种认知逃避了真实reality,要么简化到一个单纯的反射,或纯粹的否定;或要么它将自身变成一个物质的碎片(历史,物理或社会学)的过程,或变成某种个人的社会的声明或再现。 b)功能function vs 现实reality ------------------------------------------------- 黑格尔 -任何功能的都是真实的,任何真实都有一个功能 -功能会创造真实 对于一个功能主义社会学家而言,如果某些东西脱离功能那么它不能存在。日常生活也就应该消失。 (eg 现代主义new town规划) 今天的非功能就是明天的功能。 不能忽略日常生活,因为它的非功能性就会被转化为一种超级功能,不久就会被提出。 c)play玩 vs 功能 ---------------------------------------------------- 生物学或社会学说,play玩耍有一个功能吗?这个问题无法简单回答是或非。 社会的玩,伴随着功能的真实 游戏可以是诗意和文学的,都在抗议一种功能主义 (例子 – 教堂) d)国家层面的功能 --------------------------------------------------------- 在国家层面,策略层面,社会整体层面,功能被委托在一个负责再现representations的装置之中:意识形态ideologies。再现(意识形态)和象征被作为真相和真实传播。就像象征主义,这个装置被引导向日常,控制日常的所有,并整合它。 多功能poly-functionality – 小镇 超功能transfunctionality – play,艺术 三 – Alienation 异化 -------------------------------------------------------- 我们的第一个观察来自一个常见的观点:‘人’是alienated异化的,远离自身并成为一个物件,伴随着他的自由。 a)四个主张,第五个主张在后面 --------------------------------- 首先,绝对的异化和绝对的非异化都是不可被感知的。 第二,这是一个永恒的辩证运动:异化-非异化-新异化。 第三,最糟糕的alienation异化是无意识的异化(或不被察觉)。 第四,一个活动的具体化(当活动和认知变成‘物件’,并允许他们自己被物件占领)是一种极端的异化。 b)异化有一个标准吗? --------------------------- 1需要一个标准 2最糟糕的异化就是,绝对的异化 (例子一 – 父亲儿子 – 异化相互影响) (例子二 – 妇女 – 需要整体观察) (例子三 – 人车异化 – 异化作为一种过程) (例子四-异化人 – 个人与集体) 所以不用标准,用类型学 c)第五个主张,我们需要区分开other和otherness ----------------------------------------------------- (other – 我要变成的其他) (otherness – 所有其他;距离的,拉离本身的) (the other – 可接触的另一个其他;从otherness获得的一个其他) 异化是我们和otherness(其他事物)的关系,而这个关系令我们变成other(我要变成的其他事物)(otherness可以帮助我们创作) 因此有一个辩证运动,一个永不结束的运动从otherness到the other之间穿越,反之亦然。这个从otherness到the other的穿越就是认识 (要不断认知)不能让otherness取代other

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