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    --- slideOptions: transition: slide --- # Hype(造神) ---- ## 封面故事 !["GFAJ-1 砷基微生物?"](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/GFAJ-1_%28grown_on_arsenic%29.jpg) [Wolfe-Simon et al.(2011) Science](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6034/1163) ---- - 地球現存細胞生物DNA分子主要元素是磷,NASA資助的Wolfe-Simon等人相信發現自加州莫納湖的GFAJ-1,DNA基本分子是砷。 - 發表後不斷被各方專家批評,許多專家在各種公開管道要求Science撤稿。 - 論文發表前,NASA公關積極宣傳,媒體亦附和報導。 - 第一作者已離開學術圈,至今(2021年五月)尚未撤稿。 --- ## 過去討論的三個課題 - Fraud(不端) ~ 有企圖地讓人以為我有新發現 - Bias(偏見) ~ 有企圖地讓人以為我是真理 - Negligence(過失) ~ 因為失誤或慣例,我以為有了新發現 ---- ||<small>Fraud<br/>(不端)</small> |<small>Bias<br/>(偏見)</small> |<small>Negligence<br/>(過失)</small>| |---|:---:|:---:|:---:| |<small>Universalism<br/>(有證據的主張皆值得傳佈)</small>||:x:|| |<small>Communality<br/>(研究是協作成果並歸屬社群)</small>|||:x:|| |<small>Disinterestedness<br/>(研究源起於對知識的探求)</small>||:x:|| |<small>Organized Skepticism<br/>(證據須通過嚴格的專家評審)</small>|:x:||:x:| --- ## 學術公關及媒體業的造神產業鏈 ---- ### 三種造神模式及媒體影響力 <small>Cardiff大學調查學術公關與媒體如何誇飾健康科學研究([Sumner et al., 2014](https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7015))</small> ---- - 不做保證的建議(unwarranted advice) - 經典案例:權力姿勢 - 佔調查素材的40% - 首發轉載約6.5次 ---- - 跳躍式推論(cross-species leap) - 拿動物實驗的成功消息當成人類有希望 - 佔調查素材的36% - 首發轉載約56次 ---- - 將相關當成因果(correlation is not causation) - 愛喝咖啡的人智力測驗表現較佳 -> 喝咖啡能提昇智力? - 佔調查素材的33% - 首發轉載約20次 ---- ### 攪拌新聞學(churnalism) ---- - 媒體記者無法在報導的第一時間確認內容正確性,導致專家與大眾的爭議。 - 後續報導有一段時間未更正訊息,導致大眾對事件的錯誤認知。 - 即使後續有更正,如果無報導價值,媒體可能不會報導澄清資訊。 ---- - 2020巴黎教師遭斬首事件:[事件初期報導](https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/54590615)、[2021調查後續](https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202103100148.aspx) - 許多內容有誤或被誇大的科學新聞,很難獲得澄清或更正,稍後談談兩個案例。 --- ## 暢銷書~知識普及還是造神? ---- ##### Carol Dweck: [Mindset: The New Psychology of Success ](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40745.Mindset) - [心態致勝:全新成功心理學](https://www.bookwalker.com.tw/product/20053) - 比爾蓋茲推薦。 成長型思維"(growth mindset principle)相關課程深入美國與英國小學教師的專業成長項目。 ---- - [Fisk et al.(2018)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797617739704?journalCode=pssa): 學生學業表現並未因上過"成長心態原則"有明顯進步 - SR的憂慮:科學家過度吹捧個別研究的發現,吸引教師及教育政策高層重視部分指標,過度集中資源在只有微小效果項目。 ---- ##### John Bargh: [Before You Know It: The Unconscious Reasons We Do What We Do ](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35011639-before-you-know-it) - [為什麼我們會這麼想、那樣做?](https://share.readmoo.com/book/818694) - 無法重製的行為促發實驗大全集 - SR評論: - 過度類推從大學生樣本得到的研究結果,包裝成一般人適用的人生建議。 - 許多例證都是無法重現的都是小樣本研究。 ---- - [Serra-Garcia & Gnezzy(2021)](https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/21/eabd1705): 經由再現研究證實難以重現的高引響力研究,平均被引用數比證實可以重現的研究多153次。 ---- ##### Matthew Walker: [Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams ](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34466963-why-we-sleep) [為什麼要睡覺?:睡出健康與學習力、夢出創意的新科學](https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010813161) <div style="max-width:854px"><div style="position:relative;height:0;padding-bottom:56.25%"><iframe src="https://embed.ted.com/talks/matt_walker_sleep_is_your_superpower" width="600" height="480" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></iframe></div></div> ---- |Walker的主張|[Guzey的事實查核](https://guzey.com/books/why-we-sleep/)| |---|---| |睡越少、壽命越短|睡眠時間與死亡率| |睡不夠、免疫功能降低、罹癌機率增加|罹癌機率與睡眠時間無明顯關聯性| ---- - SR的評論: - 商業考量~科學家為了提高暢銷數字,必須誇大或扭曲實證研究結果,吹噓主張 - 道德考量~舉出的三本暢銷書都是美國名校教授,影響學術界與社會大眾的互動風氣 ---- ### 台灣暢銷書內容觀察 [哇賽心理學promote: 史考特(王思恒)《科學增肌減脂全攻略》](https://www.facebook.com/onyourpsy/posts/329799688507458) [科學證實:用想的也能變瘦?](https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5114921) original paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00550/full check the table 2 --- ## 吹捧風氣反噬正統科學 [Vinkers, Tijdink, & Otte(2015)](https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h6467) 科學論文摘要出現自我吹噓詞彙的比例,1974約2%,到2014約17.5%。 “robust”, “novel”, “innovative”, “unprecedented” ---- #### 頂級期刊的公開宣傳語充斥"高大上"(2021/5/22截圖): [![](https://i.imgur.com/CZ2B1oq.png)](https://www.nature.com/nature-portfolio/for-authors/nature-research-journals) ---- [![](https://i.imgur.com/h0b8YYM.png)](https://www.sciencemag.org/about/mission-and-scope) ---- [![](https://i.imgur.com/cIQLAsc.png)](https://www.cell.com/cell/aims) ---- [![](https://i.imgur.com/qcNbFqj.png)](https://www.pnas.org/authors/submitting-your-manuscript) ---- [![](https://i.imgur.com/d3GRddI.png)](https://www.nejm.org/about-nejm/about-nejm) ---- ### 科學論文的化粧手法(spin) ---- #### (醫學)論文統計資訊的化粧手法 <small>[Boutron et al.(2010)](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185952)</small> ![](https://i.imgur.com/H5c1dQW.png) ---- #### SR整理的化粧手法 ![](https://i.imgur.com/WVmIxSq.png) ---- #### 各領域文獻充斥化粧手法的比例 - 婦產科文獻修飾統計不顯著: 15% - 癌症預斷檢測(prognostic test)模糊描述不顯著的結果: 35% - 頂級期刊肥胖症治療的各式化粧手法: 47% - 抗憂鬱及焦慮症療法的論文不詳細說明適用限制: 83% - [Mehler & Kording (2020)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03363)分析認知神經研究大量採用暗示機制運作的詞彙,描述相關分析結果。 ---- SR評論:當論文同儕評審系統鼓勵自我吹捧,並且追求研究成果的媒體曝光度,將形成科學家追求表面的惡性循環。 --- ## 特別愛造神的領域 - **人體微生物學(Microbiota)** - **營養學(nutrition)** ---- ### 有真正療效的微生物研究 |![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Clostridium_difficile_colonies.png/220px-Clostridium_difficile_colonies.png)|![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/280px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg)| |---|---| |艱難梭菌感染<br/>無法以普通抗生素治療|[糞便微生物移植](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%9E%E4%BE%BF%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D)<br/>2013年MIT團隊開發的療法| ---- #### 人體微生物能治百病? ![](https://i.imgur.com/k7tXdhj.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/rkHPDvd.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/s1n3CIF.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/nkHKh3a.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/xnQcZ4K.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/h35ASbd.png) ---- #### 警告! ![](https://i.imgur.com/ZshiOFj.png) ---- #### 我們能在老鼠身上研究自閉症的成因? ![](https://i.imgur.com/zGX64hI.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/bf9oXtg.png) ---- #### 解析自閉症動物模型的化粧手法 [![](https://i.imgur.com/0QvKLtk.png)](https://medium.com/dr-jon-brock/can-gut-bacteria-cause-autism-in-mice-582306fd7235) ---- #### 為什麼我們應該留意過度造神的科學研究? 某香港生技公司~[自閉症兒童腸道 益菌少 惡菌多](https://www.g-niib.com/zh-hant/blog/detail/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E8%85%B8%E9%81%93-%E7%9B%8A%E8%8F%8C%E5%B0%91-%E6%83%A1%E8%8F%8C%E5%A4%9A) ![](https://i.imgur.com/tBc8gxv.png) ---- #### 減少化粧手法的倡議 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3lVtzoY.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/A5UWlnq.png) ---- ### 各種聳動的營養學報導 ![](https://i.imgur.com/USTUKZR.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/QPv8FwP.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/WPqXa2S.png) ---- From British Nutrition Foundation [![](https://i.imgur.com/9AKTIJa.png)](https://www.nutrition.org.uk/press-office/pressreleases/1156-mixedmessages.html) ---- ### 營養學的再現危機 - 學術不端:Dipak Das - 偏誤:多數研究由食品工業補助 ([Rubin, 2020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940003/); [Ioannidis and Trepanowski, 2018](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2666008) ) ---- - 被誤會很久的[飽和脂肪](https://youtu.be/vhmmQbwRGiQ) - 抽屜效應 - 隨機化失誤 - 比較條件不足 ---- - 多數食品成份的致癌風險被p hacking - [Schoenfeld & Ioannidis(2012)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23193004/): "Forty ingredients (80%) had articles reporting on their cancer risk. ... 75% of the risk estimates had weak (0.05 > P ≥ 0.001) or no statistical (P > 0.05) significance." ---- #### [地中海飲食](https://youtu.be/Fb8JI226e5M)可預防心血管疾病的研究([PREDIMED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predimed)) - 2001~2011 進行的飲食成效隨機試驗,7,447名西班牙中老年民眾參與 - 研究結果顯示比起吃減脂餐的控制組,吃地中海飲食的實驗組在五年追蹤期間,心血管疾病風險指數都低於控制組。 - 2013年於NEJM發表報告;2018年因統計錯誤,撤回原論文並重新發表。 ---- #### 資料偵探的糾錯及更正後續 - [Carlisle(2017)](https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.13938)調查包括NEJM等5000篇論文平均值與p值不一致的狀況,PREDIMED的2013年論文是不一致案例之一。 ---- - PREDIMED主要作者檢視資料發現,高達21%的參與者隨機處置不符合設計條件。 - 更正後的結果雖然證據變可靠,原先的結論打折扣 ~ 飲食方式不影響心臟病發作率及死亡率。 - 引用PREDIMED的後續研究多達250篇,產生無法解釋的數據不計其數。 - 大眾衛教資訊需要更久時間才能更新。 --- ### 補正“造神”效應的可行案例 - [OPERA](http://operaweb.lngs.infn.it/) ~ 探測[微中子振盪](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%8C%AF%E8%8D%A1)現象的跨國研究計畫,2018年告一段落,2011-2012曾發生公關危機。 - 2008年開始,2011年初次發現中子移動速度超越光速的實驗結果。[公關新聞稿](http://operaweb.lngs.infn.it/spip.php?rubrique14)始終強調所有實驗結果尚待驗證,還未能做最後結論。 ---- - 2011年有媒體用聳動標題報導。如"美國廣播公司"曾訪問研究者:["時光旅行要成真了嗎?"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgmL47lD7RA) - 第二次實驗修正測量儀器的瑕疵,發現[無法重現第一次實驗的結果](https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21093-faster-than-light-neutrino-result-to-get-extra-checks/)。 - 由於初次實驗結果已透過媒體讓大眾產生過度期待,[當時的計畫主持人決定下台負責](https://www.lescienze.it/news/2012/03/30/news/opera_ereditatos_point_of_view-938232/)。 ---- ### 如何分辨科學資訊是不是為了造神? - 來自機構公關、媒體轉述、暢銷書的資訊必須查證。 - 閱讀科學論文必須留意“自我吹捧”的詞彙。 - 學習識破統計資訊的化粧手法。 --- ###### tags:`2021 Book` `Journal club`

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