Jephian Lin
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    # 基底 ![Creative Commons License](https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png) This work by Jephian Lin is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). {%hackmd 5xqeIJ7VRCGBfLtfMi0_IQ %} ```python from lingeo import random_good_matrix ``` ## Main idea Let $V$ be a subspace in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $S$ a set of vectors. The set $S$ is a **spanning set** of $V$ if $V = \operatorname{span}(S)$. The set $S$ is a **basis** of $V$ if 1. $S$ is a spanning set of $V$, and 2. $S$ is independent. In other words, $S$ is a basis of $V$ if every vector in $V$ can be written as a linear combination of $S$ and the representation is unique. Let $\mathcal{E}_n = \{ {\bf e}_1, \ldots, {\bf e}_n \}$ be the columns of $I_n$. Then $\beta$ is a basis of $\mathbb{R}^n$. We call $\mathcal{E}_n$ as the **standard basis** of $\mathbb{R}^n$. Let $S$ and $T$ be two sets of vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$. If $T\subseteq\operatorname{span}(S)$, then $\operatorname{span}(T)\subseteq\operatorname{span}(S)$. Suppose the sets $S$ and $T$ are finite. Let $A_S$ and $A_T$ be the matrices whose columns are vectors in $S$ and in $T$, respectively. Let $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} R_S & R_T \end{array}\right]$ be the reduced echelon form of $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} A_S & A_T \end{array}\right]$. Then the following are equivalent: 1. $T\subseteq\operatorname{span}(S)$. 2. A row in $R_T$ is zero whenever the corresponding row in $R_S$ is zero. Let $A$ be an $m\times n$ matrix. Then the set of columns of $A$ is a basis of $\operatorname{Col}(A)$ if $\operatorname{ker}(A) = \{{\bf 0}\}$. In particular, if $m = n$ and $A$ is invertible, then the set of columns of $A$ is a basis of $\mathbb{R}^n$. ## Side stories - basis of polynomials - interpolation ## Experiments ##### Exercise 1 執行下方程式碼。 令 $S$ 和 $T$ 為 $A_S$ 和 $A_T$ 的各行向量。 已知 $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} A_S & A_T \end{array}\right]$ 的最簡階梯形式矩陣為 $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} R_S & R_T \end{array}\right]$﹐ 而 $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} A_T & A_S \end{array}\right]$ 的最簡階梯形式矩陣為 $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} Q_T & Q_S \end{array}\right]$。 ```python ### code set_random_seed(0) print_ans = False m,n,r = 5,4,4 A = random_good_matrix(m,n,r) ES = random_good_matrix(3,3,3) ET = random_good_matrix(3,3,3) SinT = choice([True, False]) TinS = choice([True, False]) if SinT and TinS: AS,AT = A[:,:3],A[:,:3] if SinT and not TinS: AS,AT = A[:,[0,1,1]],A[:,:3] if not SinT and TinS: AS,AT = A[:,:3],A[:,[0,1,1]] if not SinT and not TinS: AS,AT = A[:,:3],A[:,1:] AS = AS * ES AT = AT * ET ST = AS.augment(AT, subdivide=True) RST = ST.rref() TS = AT.augment(AS, subdivide=True) QTS = TS.rref() print("[ A_S | A_T ] =") show(ST) print("[ R_S | R_T ] =") show(RST) print("[ Q_T | Q_S ] =") show(QTS) if print_ans: print("span(S) in span(T)?", SinT) print("span(T) in span(S)?", TinS) ``` 藉由 `seed = 0`得到 $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} A_S & A_T \end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc} 42 & -71 & 244 & 49 & 72 & 8 \\ -159 & 270 & 919 & -191 & -279 & -35 \\ 610 & -1035 & -3529 & 729 & 1066 & 131 \\ -2590 & 4396 & 14978 & -3102 & -4534 & -562 \\ 6356 & -10789 & -36753 & 7617 & 11132 &1383 \end{array}\right]$ $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} R_S & R_T \end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 43 & 67 & 6 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 11 & 18 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 4 & 6 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]$ $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} Q_T & Q_S \end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 18 & -31 & -108 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -11 & 19 & 66 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -6 & 10 & 37 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]$ ##### Exercise 1(a) 問 $\operatorname{span}(S)\subseteq\operatorname{span}(T)$? :::success 漂亮的解法! ::: $Ans:$ $\left[\begin{array}{c|c} A_T & A_S \end{array}\right]$ 的最簡階梯形式為 $$ \left[\begin{array}{ccc|ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 18 & -31 & -108\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -11 & 19 & 66\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -6 & 10 & 37\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ \end{array}\right], $$ 所以 $$ A_T \begin{bmatrix} 18 & -31 & -108\\ -11 & 19 & 66\\ -6 & 10 & 37\\ \end{bmatrix}=A_S, $$ 可以看出每個 $S$ 中的向量都在 $\operatorname{Col}(A_T)$ 中,即 $S \subseteq \operatorname{Col}(A_T) = \vspan(T)$。 因為 $S \subseteq \vspan(T)$ 得證 $\vspan(S) \subseteq \vspan(T)$。 ##### Exercise 1(b) 問 $\operatorname{span}(T)\subseteq\operatorname{span}(S)$? $Ans$: 同上題 $$ A_S \begin{bmatrix} 43 & 67 & 6\\ 11 & 18 & 0\\ 4 & 6 & 1\\ \end{bmatrix}=A_T, $$ 可以看出每個 $T$ 中的向量都在 $\operatorname{Col}(A_S)$ 中,即 $T \subseteq \operatorname{Col}(A_S) = \vspan(S)$。 因為 $T \subseteq \vspan(S)$ 得證 $\vspan(T) \subseteq \vspan(S)$。 所以其實 $\vspan(S) = \vspan(T)$。 ## Exercises ##### Exercise 2(a) 執行以下程式碼。 其中 $R$ 是 $A$ 的最簡階梯形式矩陣。 說明 $A$ 的行向量所成的集合 是 $A$ 的行空間的基底。 ```python ### code set_random_seed(0) # print_ans = False m,n,r = 5,3,3 A = random_good_matrix(m,n,r) print("A =") show(A) R = A.rref() print("R =") show(R) ``` :::warning - [x] 個人喜好:我覺得 RREF 是文字,所以不用進數學模式。 - [x] 行向量所形成的集合 $\beta_c=$ 還有那個矩陣 <-- 可以拿掉,我看不懂在寫什麼 - [x] $A$ 的所有行向量所生成的集合 $\operatorname{span({\bf A}^{(1)},{\bf A}^{(2)},{\bf A}^{(3)})} = CS(A)$, --> 同時 $\Col(A)$ 為 $A$ 的所有行向量所生成, ::: $Ans$: 令 `set_random_seed(0)`, 則 $$ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 5\\ -5 & -14 & -30\\ -15 & -42 & -89\\ 28 & 79 & 162\\ -13 & -37 & -73 \end{bmatrix}, R = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, $$ 根據 $A$ 的 RREF,$\ker(A) = \{ {\bf 0} \}$,所以 $A$ 的所有行向量線性獨立。 同時 $\Col(A)$ 為 $A$ 的所有行向量所生成, 故 $A$ 的所有行向量所成集合為行空間的基底。 ##### Exercise 2(b) 執行以下程式碼。 其中 $R$ 是 $A$ 的最簡階梯形式矩陣。 說明 $A$ 的行向量所成的集合 是 $\mathbb{R}^4$ 的基底。 ```python ### code set_random_seed(0) # print_ans = False m,n,r = 4,4,4 A = random_good_matrix(m,n,r) print("A =") show(A) R = A.rref() print("R =") show(R) ``` :::warning - [x] 數學式裡不要放全型括號,也不要放任何中文 - [x] 這裡還沒有維度的概念,從 $\dim$ ... 那邊開始改成: 由最簡階梯形式可以發現不存在自由變數,所以 $\ker(A) = \{\bzero\}$ 且 $A$ 的行向量獨立。另一方面,由於 $R$ 有 $4$ 個軸,所以對任何 $\bb\in\mathbb{R}^4$ 來說 $A\bx = \bb$ 都有解,也就是任何 $\bb\in\mathbb{R}^4$ 都落在 $\Col(A)$ 中,因此 $A$ 的行向量集形成 $\mathbb{R}^4$ 的一組基底。 ::: $Ans$: 令 `set_random_seed(0)`, 則 $$ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 5 & -5\\ -3 & -8 & -20 & 15\\ 15 & 41 & 96 & -72\\ 43 & 118 & 272 & -208 \end{bmatrix}, R = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$ 由最簡階梯形式可以發現不存在自由變數,所以 $\ker(A) = \{\bzero\}$ 且 $A$ 的行向量獨立。 另一方面,由於 $R$ 有 $4$ 個軸,所以對任何 $\bb\in\mathbb{R}^4$ 來說 $A\bx = \bb$ 都有解, 也就是任何 $\bb\in\mathbb{R}^4$ 都落在 $\Col(A)$ 中,因此 $A$ 的行向量集形成 $\mathbb{R}^4$ 的一組基底。 ##### Exercise 2(c) 令 $$\beta = \left\{ \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ -1 \end{bmatrix} \right\}$$ 且 $$V = \{ {\bf x}\in\mathbb{R}^3 : \langle {\bf 1},{\bf x}\rangle = 0 \}. $$ 其中 ${\bf 1}$ 是 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 中的全 $1$ 向量。 證明 $\beta$ 是 $V$ 的一組基底。 :::success 清楚明瞭~ ::: $Ans$: 由定義知道 $$ \vspan(\beta) = \left\{ \begin{bmatrix} c_1\\ -c_1 + c_2\\ -c_2 \end{bmatrix}:c_1,c_2 \in \mathbb{R} \right\}, $$ 對於所有 $\vspan(\beta)$ 中的元素 ${\bf b}$,都有 $\langle {\bf 1} , {\bf b} \rangle = c_1 - c_1 + c_2 - c_2 = 0$, 所以 $\vspan(\beta) \subseteq V$。 而 $V$ 也可以寫成 $V = \{ (x_1,x_2,x_3) \in \mathbb{R}^3 : x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 0 \}$,對於所有 $V$ 中的元素 $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$, 都可以寫成 $(x_1,-x_1-x_3 ,-(-x_3))$ ,所以 $V \subseteq \vspan(\beta)$。 所以 $V = \vspan(\beta)$。 解 $\left[ \begin{array}{cc|c} 1 & 0 & 0\\ -1 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1 & 0 \end{array} \right]$,只有零解,所以 $\beta$ 內所有元素線性獨立, 所以 $\beta$ 是 $V$ 的一組基底。 ##### Exercise 3 以下的例子說明了多項式也有類似地基底的性質: 每一個多項式都可以被某些多項式組合出來、 而且「表示法唯一」。 ##### Exercise 3(a) 證明每一個二次多項式 $f(x)$ 都可以寫成 $c_0 + c_1(x-1) + c_2(x-1)^2$ 的樣子﹐ 而且 $c_0,c_1,c_2$ 的選擇唯一。 :::success 水啦~ ::: $Ans$: 將題目的多項式展開: $(c_0 - c_1 + c_2) + (c_1x - 2c_2) + c_2x^2$ 可發現 $c_2$ 決定了二項式 $x^2$的係數,$c_1$ 決定 $x$ 的係數,$c_3$ 則是決定常數項的係數。 因此只要 $c_1$ 、 $c_2$ 、 $c_3$ 彼此可運算,則可用來表示所有二次多項式。 我們可以把問題看成,$S = \left\{ \begin{bmatrix} 0\\0\\1 \end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix} 0\\1\\-1 \end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix} 1\\-2\\1 \end{bmatrix} \right\}$ 是不是 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 的一組基底, 令 $A$ 為一矩陣其行向量為 $S$ 的所有元素。 因為 $\ker(A) = \{ {\bf 0} \}$ 所以 $S$ 中元素為線性獨立且 $S$ 有三個元素, 所以,$S$ 內的所有元素是 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 的一組基底,並且每一個二次多項式 $f(x)$ 都可以寫成 $c_0 + c_1(x-1) + c_2(x-1)^2$。 ##### Exercise 3(b) 令 $$\begin{aligned} f_1(x) &= \frac{(x-2)(x-3)}{(1-2)(1-3)}, \\ f_2(x) &= \frac{(x-1)(x-3)}{(2-1)(2-3)}, \\ f_3(x) &= \frac{(x-1)(x-2)}{(3-1)(3-2)}. \\ \end{aligned} $$ 證明每一個二次多項式 $f(x)$ 都可以寫成 $c_1f_1(x) + c_2f_2(x) + c_3f_3(x)$ 的樣子﹐ 而且 $c_1,c_2,c_3$ 的選擇唯一。 $Ans$: 我們可從題目發現 當 $x=1,f_1(x) = 1,f_2(x) = 0,f_3(x) = 0,$ $x=2,f_1(x) = 0,f_2(x) = 1,f_3(x) = 0,$ $x=3,f_1(x) = 0,f_2(x) = 0,f_3(x) = 1,$ 因此多項式 $f(x) = c_1f_1(x) + c_2f_2(x) + c_3f_3(x)$ $f(1) = c_1,f(2) = c_2,f(3) = c_3$ 當兩二次式有三個相同的解時,兩者必定為同一多項式。 因此指定 $c_1,c_2,c_3$,即可表示所有二次方程式。 ##### Exercise 4 執行以下程式碼。 其中 $B$ 為 $A$ 的反矩陣。 令 $S = \{{\bf u}_1,{\bf u}_2,{\bf u}_3\}$ 為 $A$ 的各行向量。 因為 $A$ 可逆﹐所以 $S$ 為 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 的一組基底。 也就是說﹐每一個 $\mathbb{R}^3$ 中的向量都可以用 $S$ 中的向量組合出來﹐而且組合方法唯一。 ```python ### code set_random_seed(0) A = random_good_matrix(3,3,3) B = A.inverse() print("A =") show(A) print("B =") show(B) ``` 令`set_random_seed(0)`得 $A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 5\\ -5 & -14 & -30\\ -15 & -42 & -89 \end{bmatrix},B = \begin{bmatrix} -14 & 57 & -20\\ 5 & -14 & 5\\ 0 & -3 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$。 ##### Exercise 4(a) 令 ${\bf e}_1,{\bf e}_2,{\bf e}_3$ 分別為 $I_3$ 的三個行向量。 對每一個 $i = 1,2,3$﹐求出 ${\bf e}_i$ 寫成 $S$ 的線性組合的表示法。 $Ans$: 因為 $B$ 是 $A$ 的反矩陣,所以 $$ \begin{aligned} AB&=A\begin{bmatrix} | & | & |\\ {\bf b}_1 & {\bf b}_2 & {\bf b}_3\\ | & | & |\\ \end{bmatrix}\\\\ &=\begin{bmatrix} | & | & |\\ {\bf e}_1 & {\bf e}_2 & {\bf e}_3\\ | & | & |\\ \end{bmatrix}\\\\ &=I,\\ \end{aligned} $$ 所以 $A {\bf b}_i = {\bf e}_i$, $$ \begin{cases} {\bf e}_1 = -14{\bf u}_1 + 5{\bf u}_2,\\ {\bf e}_2 = 57{\bf u}_1 - 14{\bf u}_2 - 3{\bf u}_3,\\ {\bf e}_3 = -20{\bf u}_1 + 5{\bf u}_2 + {\bf u}_3. \end{cases} $$ ##### Exercise 4(b) 令 ${\bf b} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$。 求出 ${\bf b}$ 寫成 $S$ 的線性組合的表示法。 :::success Good. 我原本想的答案是 $B\bone = (23,-4,-2)$,不過意思一樣。 ::: $Ans$: $$ \begin{aligned} {\bf b} &= {\bf e}_1 + {\bf e}_2 + {\bf e}_3\\ &= 23{\bf u}_1 - 4{\bf u}_2 - 2{\bf u}_3。 \end{aligned} $$ :::info 很多答案想法都很好! 只有一些要改的 目前分數 6.5/5 :::

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