Git 7.1 基礎

--- title: Git 7.1 基礎 tags: Git, 5x --- 7.1 0423 Git 基礎 === Linus Torvalds 目前最多人使用的分散式版本控制系統 1. 可讓檔案回到指定的時間點狀態 2. 可了解檔案內容如何變化 3. 可以知道每一行程式碼是誰寫的 # 常用Terminal指令 iTerm2: https://www.iterm2.com/ Q: 爲什麼要學指令? A: 有些指令在GUI找不到 **重點：要在對的地方（資料夾/目錄）下對的指令！** ### pwd (print working directory) 印出目前的工作資料夾 ```bash tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ pwd /Users/tingtinghsu ``` ### 新增資料夾：mkdir (make directory) 建立新的資料夾 ```bash tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ mkdir hello tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ ls 5x Desktop GitHub Pictures projects Applications Documents Library Public Books Downloads Movies dwhelper Calibre Library Dropbox Music hello ``` ### cd 資料夾名稱 (change directory) 改變資料夾目錄 ```bash tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ cd hello/ tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ pwd /Users/tingtinghsu/hello ``` ### 新增檔案：touch 建立檔案 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ touch index.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls index.html ``` ### ls -al (list all) 列出資料夾下的所有檔案 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls -al total 0 drwxr-xr-x 3 tingtinghsu staff 96 4 24 12:19 . drwxr-xr-x+ 79 tingtinghsu staff 2528 4 24 12:16 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 tingtinghsu staff 0 4 24 12:19 index.html ``` ### 再touch一次同檔名的檔案：改變時間戳記 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ touch index.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls -al total 0 drwxr-xr-x 3 tingtinghsu staff 96 4 24 12:19 . drwxr-xr-x+ 79 tingtinghsu staff 2528 4 24 12:16 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 tingtinghsu staff 0 4 24 17:19 index.html ``` ### cd .. 回到上一層目錄 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ pwd /Users/tingtinghsu/hello tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ cd .. tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ pwd /Users/tingtinghsu tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ ``` ### 刪除檔案: rm (remove) 刪除檔案 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls -al total 0 drwxr-xr-x 4 tingtinghsu staff 128 4 24 17:24 . drwxr-xr-x+ 79 tingtinghsu staff 2528 4 24 12:16 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 tingtinghsu staff 0 4 24 17:24 images -rw-r--r-- 1 tingtinghsu staff 0 4 24 17:19 index.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ rm index.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls images ``` ### 刪除資料夾: rm -r 刪除資料夾 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ rm -r images tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls ``` ### 複製: cp (copy) 複製檔案並改檔名 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ cp hello.html world.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls hello.html world.html ``` ### 移動/更改檔名: mv (move) 1. 移動檔案到另一個資料夾 ```bash tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ mkdir images tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls hello.html images world.html tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ mv world.html images tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ ls hello.html images tingdeAir:hello tingtinghsu$ cd images/ tingdeAir:images tingtinghsu$ ls world.html ``` 2. 更改檔名 ```bash tingdeAir:images tingtinghsu$ mv world.html pics.html tingdeAir:images tingtinghsu$ ls pics.html ``` # git安裝網址: https://git-scm.com/ git 的GUI軟體(Graphical User Interface, 圖形使用者介面) https://www.sourcetreeapp.com/ ## git --version ```bash tingdeAir:~ tingtinghsu$ git --version git version 2.6.3 ``` # git設定 ## git config --list 檢視基本資料 ```bash tingdeAir:images tingtinghsu$ git config --list user.name=tingtinghsu user.email=tingtinghsu@gmail ``` 設定基本資料 `git config --global` user.name `git config --global` user.email ## git init 初始化 ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git init Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/tingtinghsu/git-demo/.git/ tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ ls -al total 0 drwxr-xr-x 5 tingtinghsu staff 160 4 24 18:45 . drwxr-xr-x+ 79 tingtinghsu staff 2528 4 24 18:43 .. drwxr-xr-x 9 tingtinghsu staff 288 4 24 18:45 .git -rw-r--r-- 1 tingtinghsu staff 0 4 24 17:31 hello.html drwxr-xr-x 3 tingtinghsu staff 96 4 24 18:29 images ``` # git 狀態 ## git status 查詢 Git 狀態 ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git status On branch master Initial commit Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) hello.html images/ ``` ## git 的三個狀態 ### working 工作目錄 `git add`: working到staging ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git add hello.html tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git status On branch master Initial commit Changes to be committed: (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) new file: hello.html ``` ### staging 暫存區域 `git commit` `-m` : staging到repository ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git commit -m "add html" [master (root-commit) 99a855b] add html 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 hello.html ``` Q: 為什麼要add/commit 兩段式? A: 堆了一批貨再進倉庫（要留下有意義的註記） ### repository 儲存庫 `git push`: repository本地到遠端 `git pull`: repository遠端到本地 # 檢視 git 記錄 `git log`: 列出最近commit過的記錄 ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git log commit 715717d24bd8250245ff8de446fb797887ac429c Author: tingtinghsu <tingtinghsu.tw@gmail.com> Date: Wed Apr 24 21:41:32 2019 +0900 add image file commit 99a855baae705635f825178c29b4a97979e754fa Author: tingtinghsu <tingtinghsu.tw@gmail.com> Date: Wed Apr 24 21:35:07 2019 +0900 add html ``` `git log` `--oneline` : 列出一行記錄 ```bash tingdeAir:git-demo tingtinghsu$ git log --oneline 715717d add image file 99a855b add html ```

Syntax	Example	Reference
# Header	Header	基本排版
- Unordered List	Unordered List
1. Ordered List	Ordered List
- [ ] Todo List	Todo List
> Blockquote	Blockquote
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19^th^	19^th
H~2~O	H₂O
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==Marked text==	Marked text
[link text](https:// "title")	Link
![image alt](https:// "title")	Image
`Code`	`Code`	在筆記中貼入程式碼
```javascript var i = 0; ```	`var i = 0;`
:smile:		Emoji list
{%youtube youtube_id %}	Externals
$L^aT_eX$	L^aT_eX
:::info This is a alert area. :::	This is a alert area.