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    # 2020q2 Homework2 (fibdrv) contribute by < `simpson0114` > ###### tags: `linux2020` ## 測試環境 ```shell $ cat /etc/os-release NAME="Ubuntu" VERSION="18.04.4 LTS (Bionic Beaver)" ID=ubuntu ID_LIKE=debian PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 18.04.4 LTS" VERSION_ID="18.04" HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/" SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/" BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy" VERSION_CODENAME=bionic UBUNTU_CODENAME=bionic $ cat /proc/version Linux version 5.3.0-40-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-024) (gcc version 7.4.0 (Ubuntu 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04.1)) #32~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Mon Feb 3 14:05:59 UTC 2020 ``` ## 作業要求 ### 自我檢查清單 - [ ] 研讀上述 ==Linux 效能分析的提示== 描述,在自己的實體電腦運作 GNU/Linux,做好必要的設定和準備工作 $\to$ 從中也該理解為何不希望在虛擬機器中進行實驗; - [ ] 研讀上述費氏數列相關材料 (包含論文),摘錄關鍵手法,並思考 [clz / ctz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_first_set) 一類的指令對 Fibonacci 數運算的幫助。請列出關鍵程式碼並解說 - [ ] 複習 C 語言 [數值系統](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-numerics) 和 [bitwise operation](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-bitwise),思考 Fibonacci 數快速計算演算法的實作中如何減少乘法運算的成本; - [ ] `lsmod` 的輸出結果有一欄名為 `Used by`,這是 "each module's use count and a list of referring modules",但如何實作出來呢?模組間的相依性和實際使用次數 ([reference counting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_counting)) 在 Linux 核心如何追蹤呢? - [ ] 注意到 `fibdrv.c` 存在著 `DEFINE_MUTEX`, `mutex_trylock`, `mutex_init`, `mutex_unlock`, `mutex_destroy` 等字樣,什麼場景中會需要呢?撰寫多執行緒的 userspace 程式來測試,觀察 Linux 核心模組若沒用到 mutex,到底會發生什麼問題 ### 修正 Fibonacci 數計算的正確性 - [ ] 修正 Fibonacci 數計算的正確性 (現有實作存在缺陷,請指出),隨後改善 `fibdrv` 計算 Fibinacci 數列的執行效率,過程中需要量化執行時間,可在 Linux 核心模組和使用層級去測量 ## 自我檢查清單 - [ ]使用實體電腦能夠控制CPU的使用情形,並且排除干擾效能分析的因素。 - [ ]關鍵手法如下,如果遇到 bit 為1的位元就將 $F(n)*2+1$,若遇到 bit 為0的位元則將 $F(n)*2$,又因 $F(0)=0$,因此第一個 bit 為1的位元左邊的位元都沒有用處,所以用 clz 先計算出有多少 leading 0s,將其省略掉可以使 Fibonacci 數運算更快速。 ```python Fast_Fib(n) a = 0; b = 1; // m = 0 for i = (number of binary digit in n) to 1 t1 = a*(2*b - a); t2 = b^2 + a^2; a = t1; b = t2; // m *= 2 if (current binary digit == 1) t1 = a + b; // m++ a = b; b = t1; return a; ``` - [ ]Fibonacci 數定義為 $$ F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1 \\ F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2),\ where \ n > 1 $$ 以$F(6)$為例可得以下呼叫結果: ```graphviz strict digraph G { 1[label="F(6)"] 2[label="F(4)"] 3[label="F(5)"] 4[label="F(2)"] 5[label="F(3)"] 6[label="F(3)"] 7[label="F(4)"] 8[label="F(0)", style=filled] 9[label="F(1)", style=filled] 10[label="F(1)", style=filled] 11[label="F(2)"] 12[label="F(1)", style=filled] 13[label="F(2)"] 14[label="F(2)"] 15[label="F(3)"] 16[label="F(0)", style=filled] 17[label="F(1)", style=filled] 18[label="F(0)", style=filled] 19[label="F(1)", style=filled] 20[label="F(0)", style=filled] 21[label="F(1)", style=filled] 22[label="F(1)", style=filled] 23[label="F(2)", style=filled] 24[label="F(0)", style=filled] 25[label="F(1)", style=filled] 1 -> {2, 3} 2 -> {4, 5} 3 -> {6, 7} 4 -> {8, 9} 5 -> {10, 11} 6 -> {12, 13} 7 -> {14, 15} 11 -> {16, 17} 13 -> {18, 19} 14 -> {20, 21} 15 -> {22, 23} 23 -> {24, 25} } ``` 而依照[Fast Doubling](https://chunminchang.github.io/blog/post/calculating-fibonacci-numbers-by-fast-doubling) 手法可得以下等式 $$ \begin{split} F(2k) &= F(k)[2F(k+1) - F(k)] \\ F(2k+1) &= F(k+1)^2+F(k)^2 \end{split} $$ 依照此手法一樣以$F(6)$為例可得以下呼叫結果: ```graphviz strict digraph G { 1[label="F(6)"] 2[label="F(3)"] 3[label="F(4)"] 4[label="F(1)", style=filled] 5[label="F(2)", style=filled] 6[label="F(2)", style=filled] 7[label="F(3)"] 8[label="F(1)", style=filled] 9[label="F(2)", style=filled] 1 -> {2, 3} 2 -> {4, 5} 3 -> {6, 7} 7 -> {8, 9} } ``` 可看出遞迴次數少了許多 ## 修正 Fibonacci 數計算的正確性

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