Jack Ho
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    # 2020q3 Homework1 (lab0) contributed by < `quantabase13` > 說明 - [作業說明](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/2020-lab0) ## 作業要求 實作 queue,此 queue 能從 head 處插入 element。 - 需要實現的函式: - `q_new` - 新增空的 queue - `q_free` - 清除整個 queue - `q_insert_head` - 在 queue 的 head 前插入元素 - `q_insert_tail` - 在 queue 的 tail 後插入元素 - `q_remove_head` - 取出並移除 queue 的第一個元素 - `q_size`- 給出 queue 中的元素個數 - `q_reverse`- 反轉整個 queue ,並且只使用原本 queue 中的 element - `q_sort` - 對 queue 進行遞增排序(時間複雜度:O(nlog(n)) ## 實作流程 ### queue.h * 修改 `queue_t`,新增 `size`和 `tail` 這兩個 member * 從程式碼中的註解可得知 `q_size` 和 `q_insert_tail` 的時間複雜度限制為 O(1)。透過這種方式可以讓 `q_size` 直接返回 `size` 的值 ; 讓 `q_insert_tail` 不需計算 tail 的位置。 ```c= /* Queue structure */ typedef struct { list_ele_t *head; /* Linked list of elements */ /* TODO: You will need to add more fields to this structure * to efficiently implement q_size and q_insert_tail. */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ list_ele_t *tail; int size; } queue_t; ``` ### queue.c * 要點(不含`q_sort`部份) * 注意 `malloc` 是否有成功分配記憶體 * 注意不再被使用的記憶體要記得 `free` * 要點( `q_sort` 實作相關) * merge sort 的實現方式(遞歸或迭代) * ## `q_size` ```c= /* * Return number of elements in queue. * Return 0 if q is NULL or empty */ int q_size(queue_t *q) { /* TODO: You need to write the code for this function */ /* Remember: It should operate in O(1) time */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ if (!q) return 0; return q->size; } ``` `q_size` 確認傳入的 pointer 不為 NULL 後才對其取值。同時透過為 queue_t 加入 size 後可讓所需時間為 O(1)。 * ## q_new ```c= /* * Create empty queue. * Return NULL if could not allocate space. */ queue_t *q_new() { queue_t *q = malloc(sizeof(queue_t)); /* TODO: What if malloc returned NULL? */ if (q) { q->head = NULL; q->tail = NULL; q->size = 0; } return q; } ``` 一樣根據程式碼中的註解,在實作中加入對記憶體分配失敗時的處理。 * ## q_free ```c= /* Free all storage used by queue */ void q_free(queue_t *q) { /* TODO: How about freeing the list elements and the strings? */ /* Free queue structure */ list_ele_t *next; if (!q) return; for (list_ele_t *indirect = q->head; indirect != NULL;) { free(indirect->value); next = (indirect)->next; free(indirect); indirect = next; } free(q); } ``` 利用 `next` 和 `indirect` 兩個 pointer 遍歷整個 queue 來釋放記憶體。釋放記憶體的順序為: 1. 元素結構中的 `*char` pointer 指向的記憶體 2. 元素結構佔有的記憶體 3. queue 結構佔有的記憶體 * ## q_insert_head ```c= bool q_insert_head(queue_t *q, char *s) { list_ele_t *newh; char *newstr; int len = strlen(s); /* TODO: What should you do if the q is NULL? */ if (!q) { return false; } newh = malloc(sizeof(list_ele_t)); if (!newh) { return false; } newstr = malloc(sizeof(char) * len + 1); if (!newstr) { free(newh); return false; } for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { *(newstr + i) = *(s + i); } *(newstr + len) = '\0'; /* Don't forget to allocate space for the string and copy it */ /* What if either call to malloc returns NULL? */ newh->next = q->head; newh->value = newstr; q->head = newh; if (!(q->tail)) q->tail = newh; (q->size)++; return true; } ``` 根據傳進來 string 的長度,動態配置記憶體這裡必須要注意 `malloc` 的結果是否成功。為了突顯記憶體分配的問題,作業中的 `malloc` 其實已經被包裝過,在 `harness.h` 檔案中可以看到如下程式碼: ```c= /* Tested program use our versions of malloc and free */ #define malloc test_malloc #define free test_free ``` 可以得知 `malloc` 在作業裡被替換成 `test_malloc` 。追蹤到 `harness.c` 檔後,可以看到 `test_malloc` 的具體實現: ```c= /* * Implementation of application functions */ void *test_malloc(size_t size) { if (noallocate_mode) { report_event(MSG_FATAL, "Calls to malloc disallowed"); return NULL; } if (fail_allocation()) { report_event(MSG_WARN, "Malloc returning NULL"); return NULL; } block_ele_t *new_block = malloc(size + sizeof(block_ele_t) + sizeof(size_t)); if (!new_block) { report_event(MSG_FATAL, "Couldn't allocate any more memory"); error_occurred = true; } // cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck new_block->magic_header = MAGICHEADER; // cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck new_block->payload_size = size; *find_footer(new_block) = MAGICFOOTER; void *p = (void *) &new_block->payload; memset(p, FILLCHAR, size); // cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck new_block->next = allocated; // cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck new_block->prev = NULL; if (allocated) allocated->prev = new_block; allocated = new_block; allocated_count++; return p; } ``` 可以看到,在呼叫真正 `malloc` 之前,多了一個 `fail_allocation` 函式。 在 `harness.c` 檔裡同樣可看到 `fail_allocation` 的實現: ```c= /* Should this allocation fail? */ static bool fail_allocation() { double weight = (double) random() / RAND_MAX; return (weight < 0.01 * fail_probability); } ``` 我們從程式碼中可以得知, `fail_allocation` 代表分配記憶體失敗的機率。在 `harness.c` 檔裡可以看到, `fail_probability` 的值預設為0 。 在作業程式碼中搜尋 `fail_probaility` 時在 `q_test.c` 有找到以下程式碼: ```c= static void console_init() { add_cmd("new", do_new, " | Create new queue"); add_cmd("free", do_free, " | Delete queue"); add_cmd("ih", do_insert_head, " str [n] | Insert string str at head of queue n times. " "Generate random string(s) if str equals RAND. (default: n == 1)"); add_cmd("it", do_insert_tail, " str [n] | Insert string str at tail of queue n times. " "Generate random string(s) if str equals RAND. (default: n == 1)"); add_cmd("rh", do_remove_head, " [str] | Remove from head of queue. Optionally compare " "to expected value str"); add_cmd( "rhq", do_remove_head_quiet, " | Remove from head of queue without reporting value."); add_cmd("reverse", do_reverse, " | Reverse queue"); add_cmd("sort", do_sort, " | Sort queue in ascending order"); add_cmd("size", do_size, " [n] | Compute queue size n times (default: n == 1)"); add_cmd("show", do_show, " | Show queue contents"); add_param("length", &string_length, "Maximum length of displayed string", NULL); add_param("malloc", &fail_probability, "Malloc failure probability percent", NULL); add_param("fail", &fail_limit, "Number of times allow queue operations to return false", NULL); } ``` 再搭配用來測試的腳本,以 `trace-10-malloc.cmd` 的內容為例: ```= # Test of malloc failure on new option fail 10 option malloc 50 new new new new new new ``` 從這些程式碼,我們得知程式執行期間我們可以輸入的命令及參數。以 `option malloc 50` 為例,透過這個命令,能將 `fail_probability` 從原本的 `0` 修改為 `50` 。 * ## q_insert_tail ```c= bool q_insert_tail(queue_t *q, char *s) { /* TODO: You need to write the complete code for this function */ /* Remember: It should operate in O(1) time */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ list_ele_t *newt; char *newstr; int len = strlen(s); if (!q) return false; newt = malloc(sizeof(list_ele_t)); if (!newt) { return false; } newstr = malloc(sizeof(char) * len + 1); if (!newstr) { free(newt); return false; } for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) { *(newstr + i) = *(s + i); } *(newstr + len) = '\0'; newt->next = NULL; newt->value = newstr; if (!q->tail) { q->head = newt; q->tail = newt; } else { q->tail->next = newt; q->tail = newt; } (q->size)++; return true; } ``` `q_insert_tail` 的實作與 `q_insert_head` 基本相同。 * ## q_remove_head ```c= bool q_remove_head(queue_t *q, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { /* TODO: You need to fix up this code. */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ list_ele_t *tmp; int i; if (!q) return false; if (q->size == 0) return false; if (!sp) return true; for (i = 0; (i < bufsize - 1) && (*(q->head->value + i) != '\0'); i++) { *(sp + i) = *(q->head->value + i); } *(sp + i) = '\0'; tmp = q->head; q->head = q->head->next; q->size--; free(tmp->value); free(tmp); return true; } ``` 這裡要注意的是 `bufsize` 代表可儲存的最大長度,而非一定要放滿 `bufsize` 的長度。因此在 `for` 迴圈中需要加入來源 `pointer` 指向的 `char` 是否為 `'\0'` 的檢查。 * ## q_reverse ```c= void q_reverse(queue_t *q) { /* TODO: You need to write the code for this function */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ if (!q) return; if (q->size == 0) return; list_ele_t *cur = NULL; list_ele_t *header = q->head; while (header) { list_ele_t *next = header->next; header->next = cur; cur = header; header = next; } list_ele_t *tmp = q->head; q->head = q->tail; q->tail = tmp; return; } ``` `q_reverse` 的實現在第一周上課的小考就有出現,畫出各個 `pointer` 指向的變化就能一目了然。 * ## q_sort `q_sort` 我實作了兩次,第一次是用全遞迴的方式: ```c= list_ele_t *merge(list_ele_t *l1, list_ele_t *l2); list_ele_t *mergeSort(list_ele_t *head); void q_sort(queue_t *q) { /* TODO: You need to write the code for this function */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ if (q == NULL || q->size == 0 || q->size == 1) { return; } q->head = mergeSort(q->head); while (q->tail->next) { q->tail = q->tail->next; } } list_ele_t *merge(list_ele_t *l1, list_ele_t *l2) { if (!l2) return l1; if (!l1) return l2; if (strcmp(l1->value, l2->value) < 0) { l1->next = merge(l1->next, l2); return l1; } else { l2->next = merge(l2->next, l1); return l2; } } list_ele_t *mergeSort(list_ele_t *head) { if (!head || !head->next) return head; list_ele_t *fast = head->next; list_ele_t *slow = head; while (fast && fast->next) { slow = slow->next; fast = fast->next->next; } fast = slow->next; slow->next = NULL; list_ele_t *l1 = mergeSort(head); list_ele_t *l2 = mergeSort(fast); return merge(l1, l2); } ``` 全遞迴的版本無法通過 trace-15 ,會出現 `Segmentation fault (core dumped)`的錯誤訊息。 確認過程式碼不會 dereference `NULL pointer` 後,推測是遞迴用到的 stack 空間過多導致。 於是第二次參考[ZhuMon](https://hackmd.io/@ZhuMon/lab0-c#2020q1-Homework1-lab0),將 `merge` 的部份以迭代實現: ```c= void mergeSort(list_ele_t **head); void q_sort(queue_t *q) { /* TODO: You need to write the code for this function */ /* TODO: Remove the above comment when you are about to implement. */ if (q == NULL || q->size == 0 || q->size == 1) { return; } mergeSort(&q->head); while (q->tail->next) { q->tail = q->tail->next; } } void mergeSort(list_ele_t **head) { if (!*head || !(*head)->next) return; list_ele_t *l1 = (*head)->next; list_ele_t *l2 = (*head); while (l1 && l1->next) { l2 = l2->next; l1 = l1->next->next; } l1 = l2->next; l2->next = NULL; l2 = *head; mergeSort(&l1); mergeSort(&l2); *head = NULL; list_ele_t **cur = head; while (l1 && l2) { if (strcmp(l1->value, l2->value) < 0) { *cur = l1; l1 = l1->next; } else { *cur = l2; l2 = l2->next; } cur = &(*cur)->next; } *cur = l1 ? l1 : l2; } ``` 程式碼利用 `l1` , `l2` 指向等待被 merge 的 linked list 的第一個元素 , 利用 `cur` 這個 pointer to pointer 訪問並修改原本 linked list 元素的 next 欄位 ```graphviz digraph linked_list{ rankdir=LR node [shape=record]; 1 [label="{ <data> 1 | <ref> }"]; 3 [label="{ <data> 3 | <ref> }"]; 5 [label="{ <data> 5 | <ref> }"]; 7 [label="{ <data> 7 | <ref> }"]; cur[label="{ <data> cur }"]; cur -> "1":ref[tailclip=false] l1 -> 3 [ tailclip=false] 1:ref:c -> 3:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 3:ref:c -> 5:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 5:ref:c -> 7:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 7:ref:c ->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] 2 [label="{ <data> 2| <ref> }"]; 4 [label="{ <data> 4 | <ref> }"]; 6 [label="{ <data> 6 | <ref> }"]; 8 [label="{ <data> 8 | <ref> }"]; l1 [label="{ <data> l1 }"]; l2 [label="{ <data> l2 }"]; 2:ref:f -> 4:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 4:ref:g -> 6:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 6:ref:h -> 8:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 8:ref:8->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] l2 -> 2 [ tailclip=false] } ``` ```graphviz digraph linked_list{ rankdir=LR node [shape=record]; 1 [label="{ <data> 1 | <ref> }"]; 3 [label="{ <data> 3 | <ref> }"]; 5 [label="{ <data> 5 | <ref> }"]; 7 [label="{ <data> 7 | <ref> }"]; cur[label="{ <data> cur }"]; cur -> "2":ref[tailclip=false] l1 -> 3 [ tailclip=false] 1:ref:c -> 2:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 3:ref:c -> 5:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 5:ref:c -> 7:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 7:ref:c ->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] 2 [label="{ <data> 2| <ref> }"]; 4 [label="{ <data> 4 | <ref> }"]; 6 [label="{ <data> 6 | <ref> }"]; 8 [label="{ <data> 8 | <ref> }"]; l1 [label="{ <data> l1 }"]; l2 [label="{ <data> l2 }"]; 2:ref:f -> 4:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 4:ref:g -> 6:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 6:ref:h -> 8:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 8:ref:8->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] l2 -> 4 [ tailclip=false] } ``` ```graphviz digraph linked_list{ rankdir=LR node [shape=record]; 1 [label="{ <data> 1 | <ref> }"]; 3 [label="{ <data> 3 | <ref> }"]; 5 [label="{ <data> 5 | <ref> }"]; 7 [label="{ <data> 7 | <ref> }"]; cur[label="{ <data> cur }"]; cur -> "3":ref[tailclip=false] l1 -> 5 [ tailclip=false] 1:ref:c -> 2:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 3:ref:c -> 5:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 5:ref:c -> 7:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 7:ref:c ->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] 2 [label="{ <data> 2| <ref> }"]; 4 [label="{ <data> 4 | <ref> }"]; 6 [label="{ <data> 6 | <ref> }"]; 8 [label="{ <data> 8 | <ref> }"]; l1 [label="{ <data> l1 }"]; l2 [label="{ <data> l2 }"]; 2:ref:f -> 3:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 4:ref:g -> 6:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 6:ref:h -> 8:data [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false]; 8:ref:8->NULL [arrowtail=dot, dir=both, tailclip=false] l2 -> 4 [ tailclip=false] } ``` 採取部份迭代的方法能順利通過 trace-15 ,但若要從根本上解決問題,程式碼必須全部改成迭代。 ## 論文與 simulation 程式碼分析 `is_insert_tail_const` 函式負責分析 `q_insert_tail` 的時間複雜度是不是常數: ```c= bool is_insert_tail_const(void) { bool result = false; t = malloc(sizeof(t_ctx)); for (int cnt = 0; cnt < test_tries; ++cnt) { printf("Testing insert_tail...(%d/%d)\n\n", cnt, test_tries); init_once(); for (int i = 0; i < enough_measurements / (number_measurements - drop_size * 2) + 1; ++i) result = doit(0); printf("\033[A\033[2K\033[A\033[2K"); if (result == true) break; } free(t); return result; } ``` 比較重要的是 `init_once` 和 `doit` 兩個函式。 `init_once` 負責待測 `queue` 的初始化,為了避免干擾到真正要進行 `q_insert_tail` 的 `queue` ,會另外生成一個 `queue`: ```c= static void init_once(void) { init_dut(); t_init(t); } /* Implement the necessary queue interface to simulation */ void init_dut(void) { q = NULL; } void t_init(t_ctx *ctx) { for (int class = 0; class < 2; class ++) { ctx->mean[class] = 0.0; ctx->m2[class] = 0.0; ctx->n[class] = 0.0; } return; } ``` `doit` 則是包含實際負責測量的函式: ```c= static bool doit(int mode) { int64_t *before_ticks = calloc(number_measurements + 1, sizeof(int64_t)); int64_t *after_ticks = calloc(number_measurements + 1, sizeof(int64_t)); int64_t *exec_times = calloc(number_measurements, sizeof(int64_t)); uint8_t *classes = calloc(number_measurements, sizeof(uint8_t)); uint8_t *input_data = calloc(number_measurements * chunk_size, sizeof(uint8_t)); if (!before_ticks || !after_ticks || !exec_times || !classes || !input_data) { die(); } prepare_inputs(input_data, classes); measure(before_ticks, after_ticks, input_data, mode); differentiate(exec_times, before_ticks, after_ticks); update_statistics(exec_times, classes); bool ret = report(); free(before_ticks); free(after_ticks); free(exec_times); free(classes); free(input_data); return ret; } ``` `prepare_inputs` 負責初始化 `input_data` 、 `classes` 、 `random_string`,其中: 1. `input_data` 有150個數,每個數佔一個 `chunk_size` ,每個數表示對應 `string` 的插入個數。如果 `classes[i]` 對應的值為0(代表 fixed case),則對應 `input_data` 中第 i 個 chunk 的值(插入個數)也會設為0。 2. `classes`為長度 150 的 array , array 的第 i 格的值代表第 i 格的 class 。因為只有兩個 class,故只會有 0 、 1 兩種值。 3. `random_string` 存有 150 個 string ,每個 string 長度為7。 ```c= void prepare_inputs(uint8_t *input_data, uint8_t *classes) { randombytes(input_data, number_measurements * chunk_size); for (size_t i = 0; i < number_measurements; i++) { classes[i] = randombit(); if (classes[i] == 0) *(uint16_t *) (input_data + i * chunk_size) = 0x00; } for (size_t i = 0; i < NR_MEASURE; ++i) { /* Generate random string */ randombytes((uint8_t *) random_string[i], 7); random_string[i][7] = 0; } } ``` `measure` 負責取得 insert tail 之前和之後的 CPU Cycle 。 另外,在執行 `dut_insert_tail` 前,有先 insert head。從 `random_string` 取出 array ,從 `input_data` 指向的第 i 個 chunk 取出要 insert 的數量 。 ```c= void measure(int64_t *before_ticks, int64_t *after_ticks, uint8_t *input_data, int mode) { assert(mode == test_insert_tail || mode == test_size); if (mode == test_insert_tail) { for (size_t i = drop_size; i < number_measurements - drop_size; i++) { char *s = get_random_string(); dut_new(); dut_insert_head( get_random_string(), *(uint16_t *) (input_data + i * chunk_size) % 10000); before_ticks[i] = cpucycles(); dut_insert_tail(s, 1); after_ticks[i] = cpucycles(); dut_free(); } } else { for (size_t i = drop_size; i < number_measurements - drop_size; i++) { dut_new(); dut_insert_head( get_random_string(), *(uint16_t *) (input_data + i * chunk_size) % 10000); before_ticks[i] = cpucycles(); dut_size(1); after_ticks[i] = cpucycles(); dut_free(); } } } ``` `differentiate` 將其相減後得出 `exe_times` ,送入 `update_statics` , `update_statics` 會根據第 i 個 measurement 對應的 class (也就是 class [ i ]的值) 進行 t-test。 ```c= static void update_statistics(int64_t *exec_times, uint8_t *classes) { for (size_t i = 0; i < number_measurements; i++) { int64_t difference = exec_times[i]; /* Cpu cycle counter overflowed or dropped measurement */ if (difference <= 0) { continue; } /* do a t-test on the execution time */ t_push(t, difference, classes[i]); } } ``` `t_push` 負責計算$\Delta{x}$、$\bar{x}$、$\sum\limits_{i = 0}^N{({x_{i}-\bar{x})}^2}$ ```c= void t_push(t_ctx *ctx, double x, uint8_t class) { assert(class == 0 || class == 1); ctx->n[class]++; /* Welford method for computing online variance * in a numerically stable way. */ double delta = x - ctx->mean[class]; ctx->mean[class] = ctx->mean[class] + delta / ctx->n[class]; ctx->m2[class] = ctx->m2[class] + delta * (x - ctx->mean[class]); } ``` `report` 中的 `t_compute` 則會計算出 `t` $t = \frac{\bar{X_0} - \bar{X_1}}{\sqrt{\frac{Var_0}{N_0} + \frac{Var_1}{N_1}}}$ 其中: $Var_{0} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{N_0}{({x_{i}-\bar{x}_{0})}^2}\over{{N_0}-1}}$ $Var_{1} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{N_1}{({x_{i}-\bar{x}_{1})}^2}\over{{N_1}-1}}$ ```c= double t_compute(t_ctx *ctx) { double var[2] = {0.0, 0.0}; var[0] = ctx->m2[0] / (ctx->n[0] - 1); var[1] = ctx->m2[1] / (ctx->n[1] - 1); double num = (ctx->mean[0] - ctx->mean[1]); double den = sqrt(var[0] / ctx->n[0] + var[1] / ctx->n[1]); double t_value = num / den; return t_value; } ``` ~~另外,仔細查看 `t_push` 的實作部份會發現,每次計算 ${m_2}$(也就是$\sum\limits_{i = 0}^N{({x_{i}-\bar{x})}^2}$)時,所用的$\bar{x}$都不同,但理論上必須使用全體的$\bar{x}$才符合統計學上的意義。 於是對以下檔案進行修改:~~ 後來發現wikipedia 上其實有對 Welford's online algorithm 的仔細敘述,並且還有詳細舉出傳統我認知計算 variance 的方法可能會導致 overflow 的問題。 基於上述,以下的修改實屬多餘。 1. `ttest.h` :為 `t_ctx` 新增 `sum[2]` 欄位,記錄對應 class 的 total sum 。 ```c= #ifndef DUDECT_TTEST_H #define DUDECT_TTEST_H #include <stdint.h> typedef struct { double sum[2];/*member added to keep total sums*/ double mean[2]; double m2[2]; double n[2]; } t_ctx; void t_push(t_ctx *ctx, double x, uint8_t class); void t_mean(t_ctx *ctx, int64_t *exec_times, uint8_t *classes);/*calculate mean for exec_times*/ double t_compute(t_ctx *ctx); void t_init(t_ctx *ctx); #endif ``` 2. `ttest.c` : 修改 `t_push` ,只保留計算 $\sum\limits_{i = 0}^N{({x_{i}-\bar{x})}^2}$ 的部份,將計算mean的工作交給新增的 `t_mean` ```c= /** * Online Welch's t-test. * * Tests whether two populations have same mean. * This is basically Student's t-test for unequal * variances and unequal sample sizes. * * see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s_t-test * */ #include "ttest.h" #include <assert.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> extern const size_t number_measurements; void t_push(t_ctx *ctx, double x, uint8_t class) { assert(class == 0 || class == 1); // ctx->n[class]++; /* Welford method for computing online variance * in a numerically stable way. */ double delta = x - ctx->mean[class]; // ctx->mean[class] = ctx->mean[class] + delta / ctx->n[class]; ctx->m2[class] = ctx->m2[class] + delta * delta /*(x - ctx->mean[class])*/; } /*Use t_mean to calculate the "correct" mean for total sum */ void t_mean(t_ctx *ctx, int64_t *exec_times, uint8_t *classes) { for (size_t i = 0; i< number_measurements; i++) { assert(classes[i] == 0 || classes[i] == 1); ctx->n[classes[i]]++; ctx->sum[classes[i]] += exec_times[i]; } ctx->mean[0] = ctx->sum[0] / ctx->n[0]; ctx->mean[1] = ctx->sum[1] / ctx->n[1]; } ``` 3.`fixture.c` : 把 `t_mean` 加到程式碼的開頭,一開始就把 mean 給計算出來。 ```c= static void update_statistics(int64_t *exec_times, uint8_t *classes) { t_mean(t, exec_times, classes); for (size_t i = 0; i < number_measurements; i++) { int64_t difference = exec_times[i]; /* Cpu cycle counter overflowed or dropped measurement */ if (difference <= 0) { continue; } /* do a t-test on the execution time */ t_push(t, difference, classes[i]); } } ``` ## TODO LIST * 用 Valgrind 排除 `qtest` 實作的記憶體錯誤 * 用 Massif 視覺化記憶體使用量 * 設計實驗 * 解釋程式的 "simulation" 模式如何以實驗驗證複雜度

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