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<style> P { text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute; } .text-indent{ text-indent: 2em; } .color-blue{ color: blue; } </style> - 黃執中(2012年03月26日),洛陽集:解題與架構,网易博客。http://blog.163.com/jonas_hwang/blog/static/204803230201222634615843/ ## 洛陽集:有關辯論的交鋒 <div class="color-blue"> 留言:mufanfan02 時間:2006-11-20 </div> <div class="text-indent"> <div class="color-blue"> 學長好,您的思路很特殊,為人所佩服,往往最後會起到扭轉局勢的作用……一個感覺,酷啊。 最近發現一個辯題:不想當將軍的士兵就不是好士兵。正方很不利。 如果想贏的話,要怎麼打才可以?請問您會怎麼看呢? 拜託了,謝謝學長~ </div> --- 辯論的標的,大致可分為四種: <br> <font color="red"><b>事實性辯題</b></font>,是<b>討論某一事實是否存在</b>(亦即該事實之定義範圍)——如「順境/逆境更有利於人的成長」(討論成長的定義)、「網路使人更親近/疏遠」(討論人際關係的定義)、或「金錢是/不是萬惡之源」(討論萬惡之源的定義)。 <br> <font color="red"><b>因果性辯題</b></font>,是<b>討論事項之間的相互關係為何</b>——如「經濟發展和環境保護可以/不可以並行」(討論兩者間是否有因果關係,若有,則不可並行)、「社會秩序的維繫主要靠法律/道德」(討論法律與道德,孰為維繫秩序的主因)、或「溫飽是/不是談道德的必要條件」(討論道德是否根屬於溫飽)。 <br> <font color="red"><b>比較性辯題</b></font>,是<b>討論價值判斷的標準</b>——如「大學生參加選美比賽利大於弊/弊大於利」(討論結果的好壞)、「現代社會女人/男人更累」(討論程度的大小)、或「以成敗論英雄是可取/不可取的」(討論標準的合理與否)。 <br> <font color="red"><b>政策性辯題</b></font>,是<b>討論是否應(且該如何)</b>採取某個行動——如「台灣安樂死應合法化」(要求行動)、「台灣普通刑法應廢除死刑」(停止行動)、或「台灣應設立賭博特區」(設計方案)。 <br> 當然,這樣的分類,並非涇渭分明。 --- <b>「不想當將軍的士兵就不是好士兵」</b>這題,辯論的是因果……要討論的,是「想要當將軍」這種心態,與「成為好士兵」這個結果,兩者間,是否存有因果關係(若無關,反方就贏了)。若有,又是種什麼樣的因果關係? 這部份的思考,主要靠組織。 <br> 對正方來說,想論證命題,最好就是讓「成為好士兵」,變得根屬於「想要當將軍」。如此一來,由於<b>「凡是能成為好士兵的人,都是因為他想要當將軍」</b>——則「不想當將軍」的士兵,自然就「不是好士兵」了。 這部份的思考,需要一點點邏輯。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/J0cVfVd.png) 我腦子裡的想法是這樣走的: 首先,盡可能將所有「好士兵」的特質列出來,例如勇氣、知識、敏捷、體力、戰技、紀律…… 其次,逐一審視這些特質,看看它們是否能根屬於「想當將軍」的心態——倘若運氣不好,看不出明確根屬,那就只好從最有可能的特質中,想辦法建立起關連性來。 一旦根屬建立之後,我們就可以說<b>「某種好士兵的特質,唯有在想當將軍的人身上才會出現」</b>。此時,正方的立場就得證了。 以上,便是所謂的<font color="red"><b>架構思考——亦即面對問題時,思考「該怎麼思考」的思考。</b></font>想問題,最忌諱一頭鑽進去,因為在沒有思考要思考什麼之前就去思考,其實就是沒有思考。 <br> 方向確認後,接著,要進入操作層面。 有哪些「好士兵」的特質,會根屬於「想當將軍」呢? 勇氣?不好,因為很難說一個人是因為想當將軍,他才會有勇氣。 知識?不好,因為要讓大家相信想當將軍的人才會變聰明,挺難掰的。 敏捷?體力?戰技?都不好,理由同上。 紀律?……嗯,有可能,因為<b>自發的紀律與衷心的服從,主要都源自對組織或體制的認同。</b>換言之,一個不想在其所身處的體制中求發展,也不在乎是否能受到組織肯定的士兵(如義務役或強迫動員),則他的紀律與服從,就只能靠著外力來約束。這種「紀律」,當然不是一個「好士兵」的紀律。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/TfhjXoz.png) 如此一來,我們只要稍微詮釋一下辯題中的「想當將軍」,將其從字面上的「當將軍」,衍伸為<b>「想要在軍隊體制中獲得晉升(發展與肯定)的意圖」</b>,就可以更符合前面的解釋。 另一方面,我們還要強調紀律對一個好士兵的重要性,說明相較於勇氣、知識、敏捷、體力、智慧……紀律與服從,對士兵好壞的影響性更高。 這兩點,初步評估,被接受的可能性挺大。 <br> 至於講述順序,則跟思考順序恰恰相反: 我會先從<b>「紀律與服從,是好士兵的首要特質」講起。</b> 然後解釋<b>「會想當將軍的士兵,就是會想從軍隊中獲得發展與肯定的士兵」。</b> 再講到<b>「不在乎、不認同組織與體制的士兵,不會有發自內心的紀律」。</b> 前面三點,如果對方都拆不掉,那最後就只剩收尾,強調</b>「由於真正的紀律與服從,只有在想當將軍的士兵身上才會出現,所以不想當將軍的士兵(如數饅頭的義務役),不會是好士兵」。</b> ![](https://i.imgur.com/aOqxfTu.png) 至此,架構結束。攻防與資料,都是細節,辯士自己補齊。 --- 想問題的趣味,是無窮的。 而永遠有問題可想,永遠找的到問題來想,永遠沒有答案可以停止你去想的活動……我只知道一個。 就是辯論。 </div>

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