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    # Henri Lefebvre_Clearing the Ground **Critique of everyday life Volume II Foundations for a Sociology of the Everyday** *pages of (3 volumes)PDF version p234 - 252 pages of (3 volumes) book p341-368* 第11-19節 ### 第11節 循環時間與線性時間 Cyclic time scales (循環時間的刻度),直接並瞬即將自身淹沒於自然的節奏,在宇宙時間的刻度中(cosmic time scales)。 —— 社會人從未掌控自然,亦,從未離開自然。 ——定期循回的時間:小時、日、週、月、季節、年——給生活方式帶來一種節奏,這種節奏與自然有機地相關。 * 研究時間刻度的不同特點: 1)循環時間,無始亦無終。每一輪循環都產生於另一輪循環。循環本身即是重複。然而,重複從屬於一種更「總體的」(total)身體節奏,這種節奏支配著肢體的動作。 2)這種節奏不排除列舉(enumeration)和測量(measurement)——一個極有特權的數字:12 3)無法復返。沒有真的循環會完全準確地回到其開始或重啓的點。 4)循環時間與宇宙時間常常成為魔幻和宗教式表述的主題。值得注意的是,所謂理性和工業化技術已經破壞了循環時間。 ——現代人類將自我脫離於循環時間。循環時間被線性時間替代。 ——線性時間是連續的(continuous)又是非連續的(discontinuous)。連續的(continuous)指絕對的開始/起點,從一個起始的零而開始的無限增長。非連續的(discontinuous)指由單個事件的安排和承接另一件事,而導致部分時間的碎片化。時間被無限地分解/拆分。拆分時間的技術產生重複的動作——被細分的勞動。 5)循環時間刻度並沒有消失,他們被從屬於線性時間,被打碎、拆解,而後繼續存在。 不論所謂工業文明發展得多高級,飢餓、睡眠和性都依然與習俗、傳統緊密聯繫,於是與循環時間關聯。例如,不在夜晚睡覺,不在特定時間吃飯都是不自然的。 問題:對自然的完全控制,或即是,對日常生活的完全變形(metamorphosis)如何被傳達?通過無節奏(arhythmic)的個體與社會時間無法在某種特定時刻施行某種特定行動?通過短暫或長期的群體自由地發明他們特有的節奏?通過創造新的節奏? 小總結:日常生活的批判在現代工業社會的線性時間中研究節奏時間刻度的延續(the persisitence of rhythmic time scales)。它研究循環時間(自然、某程度上非理性、仍然實在的)與線性時間(習得的、理性的,某程度上抽象的並反自然的)之間的相互作用。它檢視由這種互相作用而產生的缺陷和不安,這仍少有理解和認識。最後,它考察相互作用的結果,在日常生活中什麼樣的變形是可能的。 —— in this context and in relation to this definition 從三個維度來考察社會群體的日常生活。例如, * 年輕的農夫 生活依然受控於循環的、宇宙的和社會的時間刻度: 日、週、季節 播種、豐收 年輕、結婚、成熟、年老 出生、葬禮 對自然的關係更緊密過與社會的關係。 日常生活如一個有機整體,在瓦解的過程中。但內在核心依然穩固。 沒有童年與成人之區分,沒有家庭與當地社群之區分,沒有工作與休閒之區分,沒有將自然區分於社會生活和文化。 * 年輕的工人 同時在工業社會中,又被捲入深層的衝突里。 從童年開始,他的經驗已是分離的、創意的但痛苦的矛盾。 很早開始感受不安,他的生活需要依賴和雜亂無章。因為所謂理性規劃對工薪家庭是困難的(失業的恐懼、遷移、缺錢、不舒適的工作時間等)。 學校生活與家庭生活之間有決然的差異。從學生向工人的轉換是很殘酷的。 工廠生活,年輕的工人被束縛於破碎的線性時間中,生產與技術的時間。 家庭生活,重新發現循環的、生理的、物理的、社會的時間刻度。 ### 第12節 如何理解個體與群體的處境 將日常生活作為(社會現實的)一個層面,並從這個層面去理解個體與群體的處境。 outline the definition of everyday life as a level (of social reality) we can consider the situation of individuals and groups in relation to this level. the idea of level 與 the idea of everyday as a level of reality 1. 家庭主婦 housewife 完全被日常生活浸沒、吞沒;從不可能逃離日常生活,除非某些非現實的方式(夢、算命、占星術、浪漫期刊等) 2. 社會女性 “society woman” 通過人為的方式走出日常生活:社會生活、時尚秀、審美、純粹享樂追求等。 3. 數學家 mathematician 通過極其特定的活動走出日常生活:越是高質素、高技術的活動,會越遠離日常生活;於是越急切需要返歸日常。 4. 工具製造者 tool-maker 通過工作賺取生活,但賺取了什麼樣的生活? 個體工人— 工廠工人 工作並不夠決定生活的全部,也不能為其定義日常生活。或,他的生活不能被簡單地計算為:工作+家庭生活+休閒 * lowest level 最低層面 An everyday life of the people 人的日常生活 The sordid aspects of life 生活各種細枝末節 循環時間和節奏佔主導,但同時是破碎的、去除內核的。 空間和時間非常有限,必須忍受(例如出汗、透不過氣的熱度等)。 人與關係緊密圍繞著普遍意義的符號:父親與母親、太陽、地球、基本元素。 並不理解,但有著強烈的情感關聯和有機的內核——家庭生活作為工作的核心、時間循環節奏的核心。 無法理解時間的狀態,被完全浸沒於時間,同時不自知與弱勢。 線性時間在其需要滿足基本需要的過程中佔據主導,並被這種循環控制。 Every day, every week, the same places, the same aims, the same itineraries. People have very few ‘relationships’ or ‘know’ few people outside this space. They are anonymous within their own lives. 每一天,每一週,同樣的地方,同樣的目的,同樣的日程,人們很少有“關係”或很少“認識”空間之外的人。他們成為自己生命中的無名者。 * upper sphere 更高層面 線性時間佔主導,指向單一方向,但與彼此失去關聯。 空間和時間都在增長、擴大,打開了更高領域的無限空間。 與符號保持一定距離,在正式或通俗的抽象概念中轉移、行動,在符號與符碼之間。 更多的冒險、開放的經歷、遊戲,但同時也存在迷失自我的危險。 總之:我們正在將日常生活建立成一個平面(就像我們討論海平面或地平面)。we are establishing the everyday to be a level (in the way we talk of sea level and ground level). *日常生活被拉平,變得單一化、平均化? *如何區分更高層面和最低層面的人?基於社會階層、工作性質? ### 第13節 對於某哲學家的觀察與反饋 面對社會現象,如何進行分析? 是否是現象學(phenomenology)? yes and no No:praxis 實踐是更高的活動。 Proposing change by demonstrating what is capable of being changed. 提出什麼是有可能改變的。 Critique is inherent to our “monstration”: critique of what is “above” by what is “underneath” and critique of what is underneath by what is above. 我們的批判「示範」:通過什麼是下面的來批判什麼在上面,通過什麼在上面來批判什麼在下面。 Yes:It is phenomenology, because it certainly is a question of the “lived”. 關於活著的問題。 一些不同的層面:生理層面、物理層面、心理層面、經濟層面等。 If we abstract them out, what is left? The everyday “lived”, doubly determined as the residual deposit and as the product of all the sets considered ( and thus, in its way, a total phenomenon, that is, a level in totality, and on its own level, a totality. ### 第14節 日常生活是一種殘餘沈積物嗎? Let us pause a moment to consider this new determination. Is the everyday a residual deposit? 面對日常生活的變形,我們需要有計劃和策略。然而殘留物是無法減少的。 This would indeed be an objective: the metamorphosis of the everyday, which in our opinion implies a plan and a policy. However, this residual deposit is irreducible. 對佔用生活的內在掙扎,一種掙扎面對無論如何地反佔用(歪曲、惡化、抹殺)。我們可以說這是生存嗎?是,也不是。 It will experience an inner struggle to appropriate life, a struggle against whatever disappropriates it (whatever distorts it, degrades it or kills it). Can we say these are survivals? Yes and No. 在歷史,在發展,日常生活也是一種產品。 In history, in development, the everyday is also a product. The concept of the everyday can therefore not be defined as a kind of existential illusion: the illusion in which we (social man hic et nunc) spear and believe we can grasp what we are, in which we see ourselves from a certain perspective without knowing the reasons and the causes, without understanding history and ontological truth. ### 第15節 社會個體內部的不同層面 社會個體 —— 非隔絕的意識和非分離的心理 The study of everyday life reaches layers deep inside the ‘social individual’, i.e., a non-isolated consciousness and a non-separated psyche. 第一層:滲透在個體與社會之間的抵抗、表面的、變形的一種隔膜 First layer: resistant, external, morphological, a kind of membrane through which the osmoses between ‘the individual’ and ‘society’ occur. He is at one and the same time shut inside himself and boringly social. 第二層:問題出現,個體通過模型、規範、價值和等級式的態度、對某種群體的認同來笨拙地不連貫地尋找答案。 Second layer: a vague discomfort triggers violent reactions and revealing turns of phrase (often in an aggressive way): ‘What a life! Why on earth do we put up with all this?’ 第三層:更深層的層面,情感的內核,一種無法適應的層面,模糊的拒絕和無法意識的空虛,猶豫和誤解。 Third layer: Finally a deeper sphere is revealed, an affective nucleus (with its own characteristic tonality). It is the sphere of non-adaption, of vague rejections and unrecognized voids, of hesitations and misunderstandings. ### 第16節 接近更細節和更明確的關於日常生活的定義 moving closer to a detailed and precise definition of everyday life 首先,察覺當下的困境:個體的同時「臨時」——工業社會中的社會存在 We perceive the struggle against time which takes place within time, as well as the conflict between the simultaneous ‘temporalities’ of the individual - social being in our (industrial) society. 即時的和自然的必需品(需要、循環時間刻度、情感和必要的自發性),同時活動的動因(種子)都被控制(抽象、原因、線性時間)。 第二,物品和商品持續被佔用,慾望從需要中發展出來,「商品」對應於慾望。 「異化」與「反異化」的辯證領域。 It encompasses the region where objects and goods are continually appropriated, where desires are elaborated from needs, and where ‘goods’ and desires correspond. The realm of the dialectic between ‘alienation’ and ‘disalienation’. 最後,一方面是非中介的、以經驗為依據的,作為對「意識型態」和「道德價值」的研究,另一方面,另一方面是個體與社會之間的關係,和,在個體意識中,在個體與他自我之間。 Unmediated and empirically given Studied in terms of ‘ideologies’ and ‘moral values’. Mediating between the individual and the social, and, within an individual consciousness, between the individual and his own self. 小結:批判要對日常進行消解和革命式的變形,通過減少懸殊差異與時間滯後。通過理論表述日常生活並不是一成不變的事實,它已經開始消解自身。最後,(批判)它要兩重行動合一的實踐:在日常生活中尋找什麼是可能的,同時將已疏離的部分再重新召回。 。。。 我們的計劃是將領域變得更寬闊、更清晰。 Critique demands the dissolution and the revolutionary metamorphosis of the everyday, by reducing its disparities and time-lags. By demonstrating theoretically that the everyday is not an immutable substance, it has already begun to dissolve it. Finally, it demands a twofold movement within a unitary praxis: that the everyday catch up with what is possible and that the process which have been distanced from it return and reinvest themselves within it. … Our plan is becoming broader in scope, and clearer. ### 第17節 從「傳統」的哲學與方法論的分野開始——形式與內容的分野 We will start with a 'classic' distinction in general philosophy and methodology, the distinction between *form* and *content*. **1. 關於形式與內容的關係: A content can only manifest itself and be grasped within a form. 內容只能在形式中顯示出來,並從形式中被理解。** What we perceive is always the unity of form and content, with the result that several doctrines have felt able to challenge the distinction between the two terms. 我們所理解的總是形式與內容的結合,所帶來的結果卻是幾種教條主義似乎自以為可以挑戰形式與內容之間的分野。 The theories which reject the distinction also reject any kind of analytical method. In fact, analysis and analysis alone breaks this unity. It abstracts form and consequently determines it per se. Those who believe they can grasp forms per se, unmediated, are just as erroneous as those who challenge the concept of forms. 排斥這種(形式與內容的)分野的理論,同時也排斥了一切分析方法。事實上,分析與分析自身打破了這種結合。(分析)它抽象化了形式,並進而統領了它本身。那些自以為可以掌握形式本身的人,毫無中介的,也只是與那些以為挑戰了形式之概念的人一樣犯下了錯誤。 As for content, the intellectual act of analysis determines and constructs it per se, by separating it from form. 對於內容,智慧的分析行動通過將內容區分於形式,來掌控和建構其自身。 **2. 在這種語境下,什麼是形式? 意識形態、組織機構、文化、語言、被建構和結構化的活動(包括藝術)。** Previously we used analysis to abstract these forms. What did we say was left? A sort of 'human matter', that 'human matter' or 'human nature' can only exist dialectically, in the endless conflict between nature and man, between matter and the techniques which wield power over it. 先前我們用分析來抽象化這些形式。那麼什麼剩下來了?某種“人類事件”, 那種“人類事件”或“人類本性”只能辯證地存在於自然與人類、事件與技術之間無休無止的衝突中,而技術行使著統領的權力。 ——> 從兩個路徑來定義日常生活:作為殘餘沈積物(a residual deposit)和作為產品(a product)。 If in one sense the everyday is residual, it also expresses itself as the product of forms: what has been acquired and won via these forms, their human investment. 如果從某種意義上說,日常生活是殘餘的,那麼它又表達自身作為形式的產物:被習得的和通過形式獲得的,他們的人類投資。 ——> 另外兩個路徑:作為一個或同時未成形的(unformed)和 形式中所包含的(what forms contain) 官僚主義 Bureaucracy 日常生活的雙重維度:陳詞濫調(platitude)和博大精深(profoundness),平庸(banality)和戲劇化(drama)

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