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# 古希臘羅馬 ## 希臘 ### 邁錫尼時代 - 約西元前二十世紀,來自於北歐的希倫人(Hellense)移居愛琴海一帶,並且趕走原居於愛琴海沿岸的民族,成為希臘人的祖先 - 古希臘邁錫尼文明(1600~1100BC)時代末期亞該亞人與小亞細亞西海岸的特洛伊城邦之間的一場戰爭 ### 荷馬時期 - 特洛伊戰爭 - 依據荷馬史詩《伊利亞德》 - 希臘聯軍統帥阿伽門農和大將阿基里斯之間的衝突 - 荷馬史詩《奧德賽》 - 描寫獻出木馬奇計的伊塔卡島國王奧德修斯攻克特洛伊後返回家鄉,卻在途中漂泊了十年的故事。 - 兩部史詩都分成24卷,《伊利亞特》共有15693行,《奧德賽》共有12110行。這兩部史詩最初可能只是基於古代傳說的口頭文學,靠著樂師的背誦流傳。 - 荷馬 - 約850BC,相傳為古希臘的遊吟詩人,生於小亞細亞,也有人認為是虛構的 ### 古風時期 - Archaic Greece,800BC~480BC - 青銅時代的希臘孕育了歐洲最古老的兩大文明: 米諾斯文明 及 邁錫尼文明 ,統稱 愛琴文明 。 ### 波希戰爭 547BC~449BC - 波斯的居魯士大帝征服了愛奧尼亞,但此後愛奧尼亞的希臘語城邦一直在尋求獨立,並引發了一連串的獨立戰爭 - 馬拉松戰役,490BC - 第一次波希戰爭 - 希臘(主要是雅典)第一次靠自己的力量擊退波斯的一場會戰 - 波斯軍隊在溫泉關戰役(480BC)擊敗由斯巴達和雅典領導的希臘聯軍後,曾一度占領了希臘的大部分土地。 - 斯巴達國王帶領三百壯士拖延住波斯軍隊 - 希臘人在薩拉米斯海戰(480BC)和普拉提亞戰役(479BC)打敗波斯,結束波斯侵略 ### 提洛同盟 478BC~404BC - 是希臘城邦組成的一個聯盟,成員在150~173個之間,由雅典領導 - 雅典帝國(454BC~405BC) - 蘇格拉底470~399BC - 柏拉圖429~347BC - 亞里斯多德384~322BC ### 伯羅奔尼撒戰爭 431BC~404BC - 伯羅奔尼撒同盟 - 希臘南部伯羅奔尼撒半島上諸城邦所組成的一個聯盟 - 斯巴達於546BC取得優越地位 - 斯巴達藉助波斯的援助以及雅典內訌的時機,最終擊敗雅典 - 伯羅奔尼撒戰爭史 - 雅典將軍修昔底德(460-395 BC)所作 ### 馬其頓帝國 808BC~168BC - 西元前6世紀下半葉,馬其頓完成了統一,實行君主制。波希戰爭初期依附於波斯 - 腓力二世(359-336BC)崛起,338BC擊敗雅典、底比斯為首的聯軍 - 亞歷山大大帝 356~323BC - 腓力二世之子,年僅20歲繼位,33歲患惡性瘧疾離世 - 333BC, 大敗大流士三世親率的10萬多波斯軍 - 332BC, 征服埃及, 在尼羅河口建亞歷山卓城 - 327BC, 進兵印度 - 324BC, 巴比倫作為新都,建立了馬其頓帝國,也稱之為亞歷山大帝國 - 30BC, 被羅馬帝國征服, 已是接續的托勒密王朝 ## 羅馬 ### 王政時代 - 754~509BC, 先後有7個王 ### 共和時代 509BC~27BC - 權力核心是元老院,但是 《公民大會》也有一定權力,後來貴族和平民之間衝突卻愈來愈深,貴族於是承認了平民所選的「保民官」,負責保護平民的權力不受貴族侵犯。 - 451BC,頒布了十二銅表法, 被認為是現今「成文法」的始祖,也是羅馬法的源頭 - 布匿戰爭 - 第一次(264~241BC) - 主要是在地中海上的海戰。開始在西西里島交戰,接著羅馬進攻迦太基本土,迦太基被打敗 - 第二次(218~201BC) - 迦太基主帥漢尼拔率6萬大軍穿過阿爾卑斯山,入侵羅馬, 失敗賠款 - 坎尼會戰:西方軍事史上是一個經典戰例 - 第三次(149~146BC) - 迦太基戰敗慘遭屠城,,領土成為羅馬的一個省份—阿非利加行省 - 三巨頭時期 - 60BC,克拉蘇、凱撒、龐培秘密結盟 ,共同控制羅馬政局,史稱前三頭同盟。 - 凱撒快卸任前發動了高盧戰爭(58~49BC) - 凱撒49BC打敗龐培,集大權於一身,實行獨裁統治,制定了《儒略曆》 - 43BC, 安東尼、雷必達、屋大維公開結盟,史稱後三頭同盟。 - 27BC,元老院授予屋大維「奧古斯都」的尊號,建立元首制,羅馬進入帝國時代。 ### 帝國時代 - 分裂前 - 284年,戴克里先皇帝即位, 首次將羅馬帝國分為東西兩半分治 - 313年與李錫尼共同頒布《米蘭詔書》,承認在帝國轄境有信仰基督教的自由 - 330,君士坦丁繼位,遷都拜占庭,改為君士坦丁堡 - 東羅馬帝國 (395~1453) - 1204年4月13日,東羅馬帝國首都君士坦丁堡曾被第四次十字軍東征攻陷和劫掠,直到1261年收復 - 1453年5月29日,鄂圖曼帝國攻陷了首都君士坦丁堡 - 較為崇尚希臘文化,東正教為立國基礎 - 西羅馬帝國 (395~476) - 476年分裂, 以法蘭克王國最強大 - 768年查理大帝繼承法蘭克王國 - 800年教皇立奧三是為查理加冕,成為神聖羅馬帝國 ## 延伸資料 ### 羅輯思維 - 民主小時候(羅輯思維143) - 西方軍隊勝利的秘密 - 古希臘公民兵(羅輯思維131) - 只有一種人能改寫歷史-凱薩(羅輯思維136) - 一次成功的政治体制改革-屋大維(羅輯思維49) - 誰殺死了羅馬?(羅輯思維52) ### 曉說 - 歐洲源頭希臘(一):低能國家與高能國家 - 歐洲源頭希臘(二):民主城邦與獨裁船長 - 歐洲源頭希臘(三)我的盛大希臘婚禮 ### 袁騰飛 - 希臘羅馬 01 希臘和羅馬 - 西方崛起 01 古代希臘和羅馬 ### 電影 - 特洛伊:木馬屠城(2004) - 300壯士:斯巴達的逆襲(2006) - 300壯士:帝國崛起(2014) ### 其他 - 三分鐘看歷史-希臘與羅馬文化 *XMind: ZEN - Trial Version*

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