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    # 美式足球 ###### tags: `RD1-Sport` :::spoiler 目錄 > [TOC] ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/osFETVt.png) 美式足球(American football)亦稱美式橄欖球,是在美國流行的一種由英式橄欖球衍生而來的競技體育運動。 式足球比賽的目的是要把球帶到對手的「達陣區」得分,主要用持球或傳球兩種方式。 得分方法有多種,包括持球越過底線,傳球給在達陣區內的隊友,或把球踢過兩枝門柱中間射門。 比賽時間完時得分較多的一隊勝出。由於球賽中球員往往會與對方有激烈的身體衝撞,因此需穿護具及頭盔出賽。 美式足球與英式橄欖球的比賽用球明顯分別在於美式足球用球上有白色縫線,以利於球員抓球及傳球。而英式橄欖球則體型較大並且沒有任何縫線。 ## 基本規則 - 比賽時間 一場標準的比賽進行四節,每節15分鐘的比賽(中學比賽每節為12分鐘)以及包含第二、三節之間的中場休息。 如果四節比賽後,雙方同分,比賽將會延長15分鐘,採用先得分者獲勝的規則,而且無需再經過追加得分而直接結束比賽。 NFL常規賽比賽若出現加時賽,若一隊先通過射門得3分,則比賽不會馬上結束,比分落後的一方仍有一次進攻機會,若再次打平則比賽繼續。 加時賽結束後比分打平,則比賽按平局計算。而在NFL季後賽中若出現加時賽,則需要決出勝負為止。 比賽中,兩隊上下兩半場各有三個暫停,而在NFL比賽中第二,四節還剩最後兩分鐘時會有一個「官方暫停」,供兩隊布置戰術。 - 場地 美式足球場全長100碼,約91公尺;53碼寬,約48公尺,兩側為達陣區(End zone)。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DiZvK5U.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/XPFPlSm.png) - 進攻 不論進攻或是防守,每隊一次上場11人。進攻方有四次進攻機會,來完成十碼的推進。成功的話,那就會獲得First down(第一檔進攻),再取得四次進攻的機會。 如果第四檔進攻失敗,進攻隊伍就得在進攻結束的地方交出球權。因此多數隊伍被逼到第四檔進攻時,會選擇棄踢(punt),盡量將球踢遠給對手,而對手如同開場時,接球後開始推進。 進攻時,四分衛拿到球後,通常交給running back(跑鋒)以地面跑陣前進,或是傳球給wide receiver(外接手)或tight end執行長距離的進攻,當然偶爾會出現不合常理的trick play。 只要持球者被擒抱(tackle),手肘或膝蓋觸地,該檔進攻則結束。 - 得分 - 達陣(Touchdown,簡寫TD) - 得6分。當球員持球跑進對方端區,或在對方端區接到傳球(前提是落地之前沒有被擒抱而推出端區或掉球)時便是達陣。 - 達陣之後,得分一隊獲一次附加分(Extra point,簡寫XP)。球一般放在對方的兩碼或三碼線上(取決於不同聯賽的規則)。得分隊可選擇把球踢進門柱之內,加1分,稱為達陣後加分(point after touchdown或PAT);或以跑、傳等方法,再達陣一次,加2分(稱為2-point conversion)。自2015賽季起,在NFL比賽中如果要射門得分,則達陣方必須在15碼線開球。如果防守一方成功阻止加分,並且把球搶到手,並且成功達陣,可得2分。如果防守方得球並在本方端區內被擒抱,進攻方可得1分。 - 射門(Field goal,簡寫FG) - 得3分。方法是把球踢過球門橫杆之上及兩條門柱之間,射門時球必須先著地。 - 安全分(Safety,俗稱安防,自殺球) - 得2分。這是由防守球員得分。 ## 賽制與賽事 - 國家美式足球聯盟(NFL)簡介 國家美式足球聯盟(National Football League,簡稱NFL)是世界最大的職業美式足球聯盟,也是世界最具商業價值的體育聯盟。 聯盟由32支來自美國不同地區和城市的球隊組成。目前聯盟共有32支球隊,分為兩個聯會: **1.美國美式足球聯會(American Football Conference簡稱AFC)** **2.國家美式足球聯會(National Football Conference簡稱NFC)** 每個聯會由四個分區組成,每個分區有四支球隊。每年兩個聯會的冠軍會在聯盟總決賽中爭奪超級盃(Super Bowl)。 - 例行賽 NFL的球季是從每年的9月到12月,而季後賽都在隔年的1月到2月。在例行賽時==每一支球隊都將會進行16場比賽,8場在主場,8場在客場比賽==。整季的例行賽總共將進行==256場==的比賽。美式足球賽季較其他職業運動短,比賽次數也少,因此每場比賽勝負都至關重要,場場都攸關是否能晉級季後賽。 - 季後賽 在例行賽結束之後,聯會中每一小分區取勝率最高球隊,再加上聯會成績較佳的2名外卡球隊,每一聯會共6支球隊進行季後賽。季後賽採取單淘汰制比賽,最後由美聯及國聯的冠軍進行總冠軍賽,爭取NFL最高榮譽的總冠軍超級盃。 ## 投注玩法 ### 參考示意圖 >[每日賽事參考資訊-美式足球](https://docs.sportslottery.com.tw/staticpage/s-647.html) ![](https://i.imgur.com/zZR2z6K.png) #### 不讓分 `預測一場運動比賽的對戰球隊(或球員)在比賽結束時,哪一支球隊(或球員)獲得勝利。` #### 讓分 `預測一場比賽的對戰球隊在規定比賽時間結束時,兩隊比分經過讓分調整後的勝方球隊。` #### 大小 `預測一場比賽的對戰球隊在規定比賽結束時,兩隊總得分大於或小於所指定總得分的一種簡單玩法。` #### 單雙 `預測一場運動比賽在規定比賽時間結束時,2隊總得分為單數或是雙數;當兩隊總得分為0時,算雙數。` #### 單節 不讓分 `在選定的一場比賽及其節數中,預測該節的結果為客隊(或球員)獲勝、主隊(或球員)獲勝,或是和局。` #### 主客隊大小 `預測一場比賽的對戰球隊在規定比賽結束時,主客隊的總得分大於或小於所指定總得分的一種簡單玩法。` #### 冠軍及特別項目 `在特定的運動錦標賽、季賽或其他指定題目,預測總冠軍、分區冠軍、小組冠軍或 其他指定題目的勝出選項。` ## 參考資料 [體育投注知識](https://hackmd.io/KvOf-fzRQX2CkqbeJ7YxiA) [美式足球介紹](https://www.sportslottery.com.tw/zh-tw/innovation/53) [每日賽事參考資訊-美式足球](https://docs.sportslottery.com.tw/staticpage/s-647.html) [美式足球](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BC%8F%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83)

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