# Reading Responses (Set 1) ## Reading Responses 5 out of 5 ## September 20th - How the Web Works When looking at the web through the use of analogies, the complex concept of websites and online protection are simplified. Using the illustrative example of walking to the shop comprehensively describes the relationship between clients and servers, and how information travels through DNS, HTTP, and TCP. Hartley Brody deepens the readers’ understanding of the behind the scene action by explaining the concept of cryptography and how our information is secured either through Public Key Encryption or Symmetric Key Encryption. Quite importantly, certificates allow our information to remain private by requiring a verification system and signatures. This, therefore allows for our information to remain as secure as possible when traveling through networks. While going through the readings, I found myself interested in learning more about data packets and how information is split into small chunks to avoid corruption. Is there a certain sequence to how packets are sent out? Do the packers get smaller and smaller depending on if developers are expecting more people to land on their website? The answer to these questions is important to know for website creators to make sure their content is accessible to as many people as possible. One concept that I struggled a bit to understand, however, was about the different Key Encryptions. While I understand the importance of the public and private key, as well as how it works together for better online protection, I still can’t fully visualize and comprehend the full process in my mind. I hope to learn more about this topic to further my understanding in cryptography. ## September 27 - Learning Students of all ages have heard their educators tell them to “reread your notes and highlight the textbook” right before an important exam. In “Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning” the authors explain how these strategies are ineffective, and how to replace them to positively impact your learning. One major concept that stood out was about deepening your learning and how when it's harder, it’s much stronger. This all can be done through strategies such creating mental models, thinking about information in a larger context, and practicing elaboration (6). Brown, Roediger, and McDaniel, continue to explain how the issue stems from the idea that memorizing through re-reading is what will lead to strong learning. This, however, can be refuted through research that has been done throughout the years that present no strong memory building due to mass practice (13). The takeaway sections then proceed to reiterate the importance of retrieval practice for strong learning. To strengthen learning, one can’t simply just reread or cram. Putting effort, writing textbook information in your own words, and applying concepts to your own life, are much better study strategies that will overall lead to stronger learning in the long run. My favorite part of this reading was being called out about how I study. Many of the positive learning strategies mentioned in the text I’ve tried yet stopped since that I believed they were “too-time consuming.” However, this reading has made me realize that what I mainly do when studying (re-reading, cramming, and highlighting) is ten times more consuming than if I were to implement more effiecient techniques. A concept that resonated the most with me was when the authors mentioned how learning was more meaningful when it is effortful. This made me think about all the classes that I loved, where I often put more time and effort, and therefore my learning was much stronger. I now ask myself how can I implement more quizzing, spacing and retrieval practice to allow for better learning? One thing that’s for sure is I’ll be coming back to this reading to keep learning more about effective learning strategies. ## October 7 - Social Networks Who knew that human social networks could be related to carbon atoms? In Rheingold’s “Social has a Shape,” readers learn that just like carbon atoms, our networks have unique elements that ultimately shape their identities. To begin, our networks are becoming a lot less group-centered and more network-centered due to social media. While many people believe that the Internet has made users more separated than ever, research has discovered the opposite (209). Now more than ever are networks connecting on the web and people are re-connecting, highly increasing social capital and trust. In addition, concepts such as Sarnoff, Metcalfe, and Reed’s Law all describe the new reach nodes in a network can attain, influencing the nature of our networks (198). In many ways, the web has allowed our networks to expand and reshape our connections. When engaging with the readings, one aspect I found myself very interested in was in Milgram’s path length experiment. With the rise of social media, I am curious to know if there is any new research about the path length number increasing from six. For example, on my social media pages there are many people that I follow, yet I have never interacted with. My network looks quite large, but like the shift of group-centered to network-centered life is described, there are only so many of the people I follow that I would actually call my close friends. As Watts and Strogatz stated that networks that are highly compacted don’t have average path lengths (Rheingold, 193), what can be said about the path length of college students who often have dense networks? Finding out this information could shed light on how online social media platforms continue to affect us and our network. ## October 11 - Haters While singers like Taylor Swift tell us “haters gonna hate” and to shake it off, it’s unfortunately not that easy. With the rise of digital communication, toxic behaviors have severely increased, mainly due to the anonymity social media brings. When people decide to comment on a celebrity's post or on an influencer’s Youtube video, they believe they are protected behind the screen. The person has no physical context with the influencer, decreasing the face-face communication interactions (Reagle, 2019). In fact, it can be inferred that the person writing the hate comment would never say it to the influencer in-person. Many people separate away from their own identity when online, which most likely is the reason for the large amount of bullying on platforms like Facebook and Instagram (Bond, 2021). The issue that will continue to arise will be how to control the bullying on social media, even when it can be hidden so well in posts. While reading the texts, one example that came to mind about haters had to do with Goodreads. Over the summer, I was a big fan of reading and found myself on “BookTok,” which is essentially the side of TikTok where everyone shares their favorite books. Author, Alex Aster was featuring excerpts of her new book “Lightark” that ended up going viral. While this was a good way for her to gain promotion on her new book, fans began to notice that the book on GoodReads already had a “one-star rating” when it hadn’t even been fully released yet. People were spreading hate in the review section, while some others were simply putting the one-star rating without any reasoning. The author had to speak up about the hate it was receiving, and many people defended her, explaining how it wasn’t fair to attack a book when it hadn’t been released as it could severely affect its success. Like mentioned in the chapter 5 reading, GoodReads is meant to be a positive community for readers to come together. However, I have seen many examples of authors being brought down on the platform simply just for the “fun” of it. It’s important that people do not take advantage of being behind a screen and think about how their messages can hurt other people. ## October 13 - Exam Review ### Multiple Choice Questions: 1. According to Claire Wardle, disinformation can be described as: A. Content that intentionally false and meant to cause harm B. Content shared by a person who is not informed it’s false C. Content that is genuine but has been reframed in dangerous ways D. Content that is genuine and shared with the goal to cause harm 2. According to the text “Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning,” which are some of the best techniques to improve studying and long-term learning? A. Implementing studying that focuses on rereading texts and quick memorization B. Implementing studying that focuses on retrieval practice and massed practice C. Implementing studying that focuses on massed practice and rereading texts D. Implementing studying that focuses on varied and retrieval practice ### Short Answers: 1. Molly has been assigned a research paper and needs to find sources online. She found multiple sources, however, she is unsure how credible they are. Using what we learned in class and Berkeley Library’s evaluation of sources, how would you recommend Molly to analyze the sources? (mention 2-3 ways minimum) 2. With the growth of social media, algorithms are stronger than ever. The person sitting right next to you may be getting different advertisements and news sources. Describe how filter bubbles can have negative consequences on society as a whole and some ways to avoid them. ## Answers 1. The correct answer is A. A. B is the definition for misinformation B. C is the definition for false context C. D is the definition for malinformation 2. The correct answer is D Massed practice is not an effective way to study for long-term learning. This includes rereading texts and quick memorization (cramming) 3. According to Berkeley Library’s evaluation of sources, users should analyze these aspects of sources to make sure they are credible: A. Authority B. Purpose C. Publication & format D. Relevance E. Date of Publication D. Documentation 4. Filter bubbles can have a negative impact on users and our society as they separate us severely. Our biases can increase and debates can instantly become aggressive. In addition, Filter bubbles can create the dangerous concept of groupthink, disabling members from thinking in rational ways when making decisions. There are many ways to avoid filter bubbles. One way can be to make sure that a user is reading as much news from all different types of sources. This allows listening on all aspects and makes the user more of a critical thinker. Another way is to be smart on the web by deleting our cookies and history. This disables websites from being able to track your interests and only showing you what you enjoy. These simple tricks are some ways to not fall into the trap of filter bubbles.
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Reading Responses (Set 2)

Reading Responses 5 out of 5 October 24th - Shaped A couple years ago, a phone case with the text “social media seriously harms your mental health” went viral. While many praised the phone case company for creating awareness about the ongoing issues of body image on social media, the trend took a turn. Suddenly, celebrities and influencers began to post pictures with the phone case which caused them to receive much backlash as it was believed that they were the ones who had started the “fakeness” of social media. While opinions on this matter differ, it is no shock that social media decreases self-esteem and mindfulness. With many social cues being hindered due to screens protecting individuals, a lot of people do not think before they post. In addition, with individuals being able to always control their self-presentation, the concept of front-stage and back-stage presentation comes into place. While in a normal conversation one can begin to disclose their back-stage self, social media allows you to only present the front-stage. In my opinion, this is what social media has now become. What used to be a fun, casual place to share family photos, is now filled with “perfect lives” for individuals to compare themselves to. As stated in the text, this promotes upward social comparison and self-esteem can decrease (Reagle 5). Therefore, self-esteem is severely affected due to this new way of being able to control what is presented on your profiles, being able to compare yourself to others constantly, and being exposed to thousands of lives all at once. Narcissism has also been impacted with the growth of digital communication. Like described in the text, the website “Klout '' quantified one’s relevance on social media and people became obsessed with trying to increase their number (Reagle 18). While this website may not be that popular anymore, different types of quantification still occur today. For example, many high school and college students may try to have the highest number of followers to look “cool” or “popular.” While the number of followers you have really has no true impact on who you are, people are obsessed with the higher numbers. It is therefore critical that users of social media become aware that most of what is posted is not always accurate. This will ensure a healthier relationship with digital communication and help improve one’s self-esteem. November 1 - Finding Someone & Living Alone “Don’t talk to strangers” is not a value of online dating platforms. As Derek Thompson describes in his article, digital communication has changed the relational landscape in the sense that most individuals now don’t depend on others to find their partner (2019). This has both its pros and cons. On one hand, users of dating apps are able to be fully themselves without feeling judged by people who know them. An example of this might be someone who wants to explore their sexuality without their peers knowing. However, digital dating can be much more overwhelming than finding a partner in real life as dating apps feature thousands and thousands of potential partners every hour. While this may be a good option for many people, the overload of choices (and the pressure that some people may put on themselves to find the perfect partner) can cause a lot of anxiety in individuals (Thompson, 2019). Overall, digital communication has expanded the relational landscape, impacting how users meet their future partners. As a college student, I find that I am always surrounded by individuals who use dating apps. Two of my roommates use these apps, and one of my best friends is in a strong 4-year relationship with someone who she met on Bumble. In truth, while I think these dating apps are great ways to find new people you may never encounter in real life, especially during isolation period the pandemic, many aspects of dating apps sit wrong me. As mentioned in “The Big Lies People Tell on Online Dating,” a lot of people mis-represent themselves. And while lying about your height isn’t the most dangerous thing in the world, a lot of scary people may try to take advantage of users on these dating apps. This is another way that digital communication has changed the relational landscape: while your friends could warn you about someone they know, you never know who someone really is on Tinder until you finally meet them. It’s therefore crucial that users of these online dating platforms remain critical thinkers when talking to strangers online.

12/1/2022
Clara's Home Page

Required assignments Wiki tutorial Web Search and Evaluation Filtering and Fake News Online Ads & Blockers Privacy Footprint Reading response sets

11/21/2022
Online Ads & Blockers

Knowing what we know about online advertising, should users be able to easily block ads? If so, who then pays for the free content and services we consume? Therefore, users should be able to easily block ads on the internet to protect themselves against malware and to protect their privacy. While there are many companies who value ethical intake of users’ data, there are many more who are not transparent with how data is collected and how it is used. As mentioned in Sven Taylor’s article about the issues on the Acceptable Ads Program, advertising networks may install trackers to analyze a person’s online activity and sell that information to other networks (2020). After reading this article, I found myself realizing that my ad-blocker, uBlocker, takes part in this program and will be looking to see if I can opt out, or if I need to look for an entirely new ad-blocker. In addition, Don Marti brings up the interesting topic of target advertising and its issues as to how users’ privacy is invaded due to advertisement tracking (2020). All in all, users should be easily able to block ads that they feel are too targeted to them to allow for their privacy to be respected and reduce the chance of spreading malware. The issue that comes with ad-blockers is how will services on the internet continue to function and get monetized? In my opinion, I believe that online advertising companies will still pay for these services, however they should change their practices to be more ethical. As Don Marti states, there are plenty of ethical ways for online advertisers to make money without being able to track users. At the end of his article, Marti discusses legislation that aims to stop track from online advertisers, which would push digital marketing in a more ethical, innovative direction (2017). And, as content sites do better when their users aren’t as targeted, these free sites and services will see improvement in content and ad engagement. Overall, online advertisers will continue to pay for the free content and services on the internet, but the way that they approach how to do so should include open conversations with online partners, and how to reduce the amount of targeted content that is spread on their websites. For this ad-blocker exercise, I took an example from one of my favorite sites to browse, Pinterest. I’ve had uBlocker installed for a long time and I’ve always noticed how different the home feed looks like with/without ads. The first picture shows what my Pinterest feed looks like without the ads. With the white blocks where the ads are meant to be, the feed looks a lot less appealing. On the other hand, the second picture shows my feed with ads. Interestingly, disabling my ad blocker is something I often do on Pinterest, as I enjoy the experience of scrolling through Pinterest seamlessly. However, I wonder if this is simply some type of glitch within my ad blocker, or if Pinterest purposely makes it look like that to get users to disable their ad-blockers for more capital gain. Pinterest Feed without Ads

11/14/2022
Filtering and Fake News

Had everyone in the country learned and used "crap dection" skills, would we be so affected by "fake news" and media manipulation, or would we end up in filtered bubbles? The new technological age our world is entering brings in a new issue: to what extent do we filter our news? First Draft brings up an excellent point about how the term “fake news” is no longer truly accurate because the content is real, just simply weaponized. And especially with the rise of social media platforms, misinformation can spread to millions of people. One thing that’s especially important currently is being able to have strong media literacy when being on the internet. Is this post on Facebook potentially manipulated content? Does this article come from a reliable source? Is it possible that Instagram put this ad in my feed specifically towards me? Being able to answer these types of questions enables us to think before sharing any potential type of disinformation. If everyone learned “crap detection” skills, our society would not end up in filter bubbles as we would be more knowledgeable about how social media algorithms put out our content. As stated in Farnam Street’s article, we can opt out of filter bubbles in many ways such as ad-blockers and reading a diverse amount of news. The issue that would arise, however, is that harmful information would just keep becoming harder to identify. Can we fully eradicate media manipulation even if everyone had strong media literacy skills? This may be the question future generations will have to answer. Filtering Exercise For this exercise, I followed the exact instructions to create the NU News folder. When it came time to make my own rule, I decided to categorize all of the news I’ve been receiving about my dorm building (West Village A South). I find that a lot of the emails I receive from my RAs often get mixed up in the rest of my inbox so I frequently miss them. Therefore, creating this specific rule would allow me to be much more organized. Tying into the reading, filter has some benefits in the sense that harmful information or scams will not be able to fall into these folders.

9/29/2022
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