# Root (start here) This article is intended to serve as the permanent 'place to begin' for this wiki, either as a reference for quickly navigating to specific resources or for new contributors to orient themselves. As such it looks a bit like a collection of odds-and-ends, but hopefully a very useful one! ## Key entries * [Read me](https://hackmd.io/AP764JbLSPCHhl2HIE-xMw) - a statement of purpose for this wiki plus guidelines for contributors. * [Reference](https://hackmd.io/6kEVz305TOmyM2MUrY0oRQ?both) - definitions, terminology and mathematical notation used in this wiki. * [Things to measure](https://hackmd.io/JIbqiLJNQyCv-aGbse3fQw) - top-level entry listing the categories of entity (e.g. Trade Credit Club) or field (e.g. environmental impact) that research is focused on. ## Index of all entries An alphabetised list of all entries for quick reference. * [Account balance](/R1iAIsZoRRmJgIV4NlHQZw) * [Account balance circularity](/EMoPVGsZS_q4lxsqsN_t8A) * [Account balance limits](/AYLZ5n-WTG6eiRVSlh0qOw) * [Account balance utilisation](/7MltMnsZRPyA1Bx40R6Afg) * [Account centrality](/lEM9FfewRfqzPpoJWV-MKQ) * [Account degree](/YLHBTc1gTqStlIe9GOBEAQ) * [Account 'elasticity'](/rKATqIzhTpic1F9pkpDmew) * [Account gross expenditure](/4JynudQ7Srq5-3oHmGx8dg) * [Account gross income](/tkEQAtNMTtWFnRDexj83QQ) * [Account metric distributions](/meT470WcQe-nURqYmjxMPA) * [Account metrics](/xnUSdbbaQS-wn0KmIYRh-Q) * [Account trade variety](/7O4db7BnSuCiqmRESdWfqA) * [Account trade volume](/lmbNe7bZSoK3KBR2u4dHgw) * [Analysis interval](/Ete0cbcLQ0-y994tJTU4KA) * [Analysis period](/conspoQ5TNmH5pfZqp-LfQ) * [Atomic sampling](/JI1rbIAsSbaN08Gra3WvDA) * [Balance inequality](/LVypX41ZTJCDQrcnbZ3aKw) * [Balance limits](/LbiWxBiTQhiLx_7PHqWI3Q) * [Balance of trade](/e0Z2fSQdSYmzIlsVzNknNg) * [Balance vector](/RK0pk9ncTfOugxtb22ZiyA) * [Benefits to members](/_P1DHaeIShuTZh6gpShPnA) * [Cash](/CO1_5C8oSiiRC0dBcIFp8Q) * [Cashflow analysis](/gup34BGbQUSLhpaillAXEw) * [Central clearing process](/V16aQr1MT8ep0oM3Y4RSyQ) * [Circularity of trade](/CMlnVwUjR6-EPA4jHyqsqw) * [Cliques](/440BhZfHSwiG_8X2Kj2bIw) * [Club agreement](/jTFZpns5QBixTAwG8Rl9-w?both) * [Club metrics](/0Pyj0CjtSP65hYzq0AdTQQ) * [Club resilience](/k9ftl1shRPymM9r20hnH0A) * [Club system account](/spMD7anJS0uiuVoF2OXE2w) * [Club trade variety](/xEyLfUyWTYOjur2--7oVOQ?type=show-modal&revisionId=096bdd05-46b0-4733-94ee-a9276a71bcbb&lastRevisionId=81204aa1-a12a-4957-9566-0bf3136409b4) * [Club trade volume](/banCtXUuQ9C76sGhroS0dA) * [Club variety](/ocvl5vrOTluL59u82b3PnA) * [Cost-benefit analysis for members](/yUOzV2rhSeCVLfropzs77w) * [Cost of finance](/PKmOIRXAQ6OEDE_mBYRB0Q) * [Default](/nO2IbqcMTbiNSY0AG0PCnA) * [Detecting significant changes](/hfjbC0VvQYejX2MpQzkBHQ) * [Discounting curve](/7z2M3VXkRZ--Y5fK3ADrzA) * [Economic impact](/gee4JlfGTL2Q-X_TmCuO6g) * [Elinor Ostrom](/Mq791OedS2e9mTDSjrYubg) * [Environmental impact](/-8uUpxO4TkOCjiWHDBCKgQ) * [Expectation values and ergodicity](/JL-hFK7BRjuxx6zbz3O6Qg) * [Federated network metrics](/iYVWKMDfRQ2YpoxylY6KQg) * [Flow motifs](/5Rik3kRLQh6Cq327BBJnPw) * [Greco liquidity](/xYxPfBcpQpmX9NIOm5MKzQ) * [Increased business](/Xcuzv6TaSRG5tpvC1NCwMg) * [Increased liquidity](/hZgux1eRScGqbyOi--DU1Q) * [Increased range of goods & services](/BBeOX1aHRZWSpMop7O2-pQ) * [Intelligence sharing](/d_pInVkpRs2VWG3IaE_B-A) * [Late payment](/iIVkdpz_S76a_6FexHZWAw) * [Local/regional economics](/Yje5BlkWQFymKiHt6fPZCw) * [Macroeconomics of the Credit Commons](/HNcuOw80TCSMK9Sn8K6ikQ) * [Maintenance log]((/hVeyV0ixSMmRJlx5Maz6Hw)) * [Mutual credit](/NNBmtHAsSLCffrItxDvX0A) * [Parasitic strategies](/fNhqlAK8TNqmDiXtEuLUWg) * [Privacy/commercial sensitivity](/Uo1-TYYgSde1-jN2mvRkFQ) * [Qualitative account data visualisation](/9K7W8F2WRgiXi_RFym6YIA) * [Reduced administration](/brbI6dTeQ2ukhrUW7GoKWw) * [Reference](https://hackmd.io/6kEVz305TOmyM2MUrY0oRQ?both) * [Relocalisation of trade](/iUbs-sfXTO60x9klM-qKLg) * [Reputation](/5FokSVvRSjChYIPN2PuhcA) * [Risk reduction](/vlzc8wOPTsu18oMWc64wpw?both) * [Sharing/rental of assets](/FQIboHFBQzK_S2XHLWL-UA) * [Sources and sinks](/B4SyYDDkTcuDyCBWk552Fw) * [Stimulating trade](/xgggmZ4qSiyn_WGsqoj49g) * [System account fiat buffer](/d2m7xva0QzOZ80y2uBvBVg?both) * [Systemic risk](/H3VYE7o3QwWqkw3dw4l3GQ?both) * [Teodoro](/t1zmEHbvSZCq2Le5BA3_LA) * [The material circular economy](/cDUb3gPOTJmm7RH1HNCDsA) * [Things to measure](/JIbqiLJNQyCv-aGbse3fQw) * [Trade credit](/CncoUGlDQU-1ZRS5KpfLsg) * [Trade Credit Club](/Q93p0MdKRr-D07uK3iAVHg) * [Trading relationships](/XjdV4nYTTu-qjqJJibLXEA) * [Trusted referrals](/5N56FmuoRPWWUijpLTLRIg) * [Uncertainty management](/Bfp5PVh2Q7uifmgzevsQfQ) ## Maintenance log/to-do list Broken links, suggestions to merge articles etc. should be reported/discussed [here](/hVeyV0ixSMmRJlx5Maz6Hw). ## Record of Circular Trade Analytics group meetings [Main cloud folder for recordings and Zoom chats](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/bMxMMztQbJsF23r). * 21/10/26 - Presentation by Tom Woodroof: ''Scale' by G. West, Part I'. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/YWj2HABGkqomsbG), [slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1j411fCsp1NLQSS1G4JlATy7LukG8yKpvT6t1BZ2xwNM/edit#slide=id.p), [WorkFlowy node](https://workflowy.com/#/3292e396f38b). * 21/10/12 - Discussion of power law distributions in finance and economics. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/ZBond8xtc4Ex23N). * 21/09/14 - Discussion of ['Self-Funded Social Impact Investment: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Sardex Mutual Credit System'](https://workflowy.com/#/5e0212d7544a) - paper by Motta et al. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/HxsaNq5ynDqrm2z). * 21/08/31 - Discussion of ['The Economics of Central Clearing: Theory and Practice'](https://workflowy.com/#/7cb30113ebac) - paper by Pirrong. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/zppRLKHLpR2zJ8X). * 21/08/17 - Presentation by Tom Woodroof: 'Building the evidence base for Credit Commons adoption - a proposed research programme' - outline and request for feedback on a research programme. [Text document](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1laIwCOxUSIi86sowBjCEdIptZ6XfXVTyxHK0jJi8iIE/edit), [slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1R3YQj2Zh2PEr7XZa4sqbVlUoi-oqY1v4LkDAdTRAzE4/edit#slide=id.gc6f73a04f_0_0), [recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/Q5izg9HCKqqtj73?dir=undefined&path=%2FAnalytics%20zooms%20recordings%2F2021-08-17%20TFW%20Research%20Agenda&openfile=72843). * 21/08/03 - Presentation by Chris Cook and Marcus Saul: 'Island Power'. [Zoom chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/SzDPdoaXiZCr6a9), [website](https://www.island-power.net/). * 21/06/22 - Discussion of ['Transaction network analysis for studying Local Exchange TradingSystems (LETS): Research potentials and limitations'](https://workflowy.com/#/2b6d7b228941) - paper by Frankova et al. [Zoom chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/qXMnJBzLcfgf8pf). * 21/06/08 - Follow-up discussion of Credit Commons event. * 21/06/04 - Meetup presentation by Matthew Slater and Dil Green: 'The Credit Commons Protocol - tech agnostic, low friction transactions for all'. [Meetup event](https://www.meetup.com/circular-economy-analytics/events/278094049/), [slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1YQjVmmcY3F79Vh1d1eVvkoKp0_NcQLE4dtynnq5wkc0/edit), [recording](https://youtu.be/1koUpspA1jw), [cloud-hosted recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/F5Tp4oJEjY2MamB). * 21/05/25 - Discussion of ['Promise Theory and the Alignment of Context, Processes, Types and Platforms'](349650651_Promise_Theory_and_the_Alignment_of_Context_Processes_Types_and_Transforms) - paper by Mark Burgess and Jan Bergstra on Promise Theory. * 21/05/11 - Discussion with Mark Burgess and Jan Bergstra on Promise Theory. Short presentations from Teo ([slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1pRdgyhQCy_cwh3qVDyEp1TC8GI9xmwmIIQueTp9G-Co/edit#slide=id.gd073962ae7_2_97)) (and anyone else?), [Miro board](https://miro.com/app/board/o9J_lFsFWU0=/), [recording](https://youtu.be/aMNN8Z2GKoc). * 21/04/27 - Presentation by Isavary Khabuqwi (Grassroots Economics) on the differences between financial and economic systems. [Descriptive document](https://docs.google.com/document/d/19s_tczoU-U-5qahd5WejwwphJBpVJLm3FDsgDvYks-8/edit), [Zoom chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/pqMtebbHpEz3sNQ). * 21/04/13 - Discussion of ['Cyclic motifs in the Sardex monetary network'](https://workflowy.com/#/cb5918a05099) - paper by Iosifidis et al. [Zoom chat](). * 21/03/30 - Presentation by Hans-Florian Hoyer: 'Paying with closed purse, Paying with banks without money'. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/D8RFzFm4Akz5gpe), [slides](https://prezi.com/view/jBBU9AKQ2GatWkJsOBWS/?webgl=0), [transcript](https://otter.ai/u/J5orqO-XaijGr65RzdVKRy_7Dis). * 21/03/16 - Discussion of late payment based on Part 1 of [this report](https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/technical-activities/technical-resources-search/2015/february/ending-late-payment.html). * 21/03/05 - Meetup presentation by Tomaž Fleischman: 'Liquidity-Saving through Obligation-Clearing and Mutual Credit'. [Meetup event](https://www.meetup.com/circular-economy-analytics/events/276538067/?comment_table_id=513780999&comment_table_name=event_comment), [slides](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/idjZZGKmckxEmAC#pdfviewer), [Part 1 of recording](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pptoX5HRkB8), [Part 2 of recording](https://youtu.be/So53F5tGtrQ), [transcript](https://docs.google.com/document/d/17W0kHMOzaWzWS3NhmfaHPz74rnXORYMczPC_0lRCEKg/edit#), [cloud-hosted recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/LcjiMTR5YKYPckp). * 21/02/16 - Presentation by Tom Woodroof: 'Trade Credit Clubs - late payment risk'. [Recording](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/C2PJcTNzCSBapNc), [slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-JGnN0DMzHhDGmR7urI9hwZAa_1NdkpQHAd4Yq2Tjc0/edit#slide=id.p). * 21/02/02 - Discussion of ['Liquidity-Saving through Obligation-Clearing and Mutual Credit: An Effective Monetary Innovation for SMEs in Times of Crisis'](https://workflowy.com/#/603ab05de1a7) - paper by Fleischman. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/rWaDRyXEGYpeBZL). * 21/01/19 - Presentation by Michael Hallam: 'Local Loop multiplier effect'. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/4kiJbamn3FG8sQ9). * 21/01/05 - Discussion around scaling laws in complex systems, inspired by G. West's [book](https://medium.com/swlh/scale-a-book-summary-3d39d16321ef). [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/BJ2wtemd3AKkakF). * 20/12/08 - Discussion around who the primary target audiences for our various projects are, what evidence would best persuade them of its benefits and how this data might be obtained. * 20/11/24 - Presentation by Graham Munro: 'Autonomics'. * 20/11/10 - Discussion around metrics that might be worth investigating and categorisation into a 'level of analysis' schema, e.g. individual business, mutual credit club etc. * 20/10/21 - Presentation by Teodoro Criscione: 'Quantitative Methods for Complementary Currency Systems Analysis'. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/jQxmwSkQJoNy2qa), [slides](https://prezi.com/view/CL1Gz3oqXQBNsM1BSPrz/). * 20/10/07 - Discussion of power law distributions in business size, income etc. and how such 'winner takes all' dynamics might be prevented from emerging in a mutual credit economy. [Notes and Zoom chat](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yQuVARw6cOHRAMBF5VTfsjIU8DJdLIP0nifIOEO_NKQ/edit#heading=h.y9o7xe2u47ev). * 20/09/17 - First working group call - aims, scope, choice of platforms etc. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/9z8JEzJaoc7X5oQ), [notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1U8hIXhcjLZkdruwmV_JMjowBNPJO5EIE4BieXqF-XaE/edit#heading=h.vjs8ha4goc26). * 20/09/03 - First call for expressions of interest. [Recording and chat](https://laksjdhfg.thegood.cloud/s/pwzSXZDRbAKSX2X).
Last changed by  
 
Mutual Credit Analytics
788

Read more

Late payment

This is classified as a potential source of risk reduction for Trade Credit Club members. As discussed in the risk reduction entry, late payment risk is analysed in terms of the probability distributions associated with the time intervals between invoices being issued and settled; to avoid potentially misleading assumptions, there is no attempt to quantify risk in fiat units. There are two categories of payment that have to be considered; bilateral payments between trading partners, and (after the establishment of a trade credit club) payments to or from a dedicated club account that keeps members within their agreed mutual credit balances. Bilateral payments In this section the replacement of fiat with mutual credit to settle bilateral trade credit invoices is considered. It is assumed that the numbers of transactions and their amounts are unchanged, and so the argument for late payment risk reduction is based on the plausibility of influencing behaviour such that the distributions of time intervals associated with invoice settlement for mutual credit become more favourable than the distributions associated with the erstwhile fiat payments. Trade credit settled in fiat

6/14/2021
Read Me

Purpose This collection of pages is intended to work as a developing knowledge commons around non-extractive trade relations, and the contexts in which these can occur. By 'non-extractive' we refer to a basic condition, that interest is not charged to debtors, nor accrues to creditors. Guidelines for contributors The collection is largely self-structuring, through links from one page to another. There is no canoncial ordering. Thus, there is no 'grand narrative' - rather, pages are generally rather short, addressing a single 'knot' in the complex weave of mechanisms, concepts, techniques and framings that are required to make sense of the topic. How this works in practice is in development just as much as the content is. So there are no hard rules, and probably much inconsistency of detail. That's just how it is (but please use the maintenance log to draw attention to anything that might need fixing). Contributors are few, working together to improve as we go. Some general guidelines on working practices:

5/10/2021
Account balance circularity

This is categorised as an account metric. In a mutual credit system, participants' account balances must be kept with limits. Maintaining a balance close to either limit results in reduced scope for buying or selling, whilst holding a large positive balance corresponds to exposure to systemic risk. It will therefore generally be in the interests of each member to maintain a balance close to zero much of the time. This is also desirable from the perspective of the other network participants; in the short term a large negative balance indicates that the member has received more value than it has supplied to them and a large positive balance means less liquidity available to facilitate trade, whilst in the longer term it prevents the emergence of harmful balance inequalities and hoarding of credit. It is therefore useful to have a metric that reflects the tendency of an account balance to return to or hover around zero. Since all credits issued by a participant must ultimately be redeemed with them, there is also a sense in which such a metric reflects the 'circularity' of that account's activity. If the notion of 'circular money for a circular economy' has merit, then this could also provide a point of departure for analysing the effect of mutual credit networks on the material circular economy. This note introduces the 'zero crossing frequency' as an appropriate measure of account health in the three respects described above; individual utility, desirability from the perspective of other participants and propensity for circularity.

3/18/2021
Account metrics

This is a subset of things to measure. A list of things related to measuring, analysing and representing the activity of a given member of a mutual credit club, representing the lowest level of analysis (aside from individual transactions?). This list is composed mostly of descriptive measures that reflect the activity and health of a member's account once it has joined a club. However, on the assumption that members will initially participate primarily out of self-interest, i.e. direct benefits to their own business, there is also a dedicated category for these. Account balance Account balance circularity Account balance limits Account balance utilisation

3/18/2021
Read more from Mutual Credit Analytics
Published on HackMD