Operating System

tags: OS

Student ID : 410921317
Name : Thanongsak Khumpa

Official link of the report

https://hackmd.io/@Lince/S1MY-Gu7j

Operating System Homework 1

1. What are the differences between Intel i3, i5, i7, i9, and Xeon?

i3 has 2-4 cores and have a cache size of 6-7MB and it speed goes over 4Ghz.

i5 has 4-6 cores and have a cache size of over 9MB cache and it speed goes over 4.5Ghz up to 4.8Ghz.

i7 has 6-8 cores and have a cache size of 12MB cache and it speed goes up to 5.3Ghz

i9 has 6-8 cores and have a cache size of 12MB cache and it speed goes up to 5.5Ghz

Xeons are workstation or server-grade products which typically have more cores, more L2/L3 cache and support features like ECC RAM and all Xeons come with Hyperthreading while not all intel processor have them.

2. What are the differences between AMS Athlon, Ryzen 3, 5, 7, 9, Threadripper and Threadripper PRO?

In contrast to the faster quad-core Picasso APUS, the Athlon 300U only supports 3 instead of 4 displays in total. Performance wise, the Athlon 300 should be slightly slower than the Ryzen 3 2200U

AMD's enthusiast/workstation chip lineup is the Ryzen Threadripper line. While Threadrippers are designed to slog through CPU-intensive jobs like animation, coding, and graphic design, Ryzens are a little more balanced. They are made in a different socket than typical Ryzen chips and have an enormous number of cores.

However, it also announces a full 280 W TDP to match the frequencies of the ordinary Threadripper series. Threadripper Pro is essentially a faster version of AMD's EPYC, limited for single CPU workstation application.

3. What are the differences between DDR, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4?

DDR1 RAM
Its maximum density was 128 Mb (so there were no modules with more than 1 GB) with a speed of 266 MT/s (100-200 MHz).

DDR2 RAM
Its maximum density was doubled to 256 Mb (2 GB per module). Logically, the maximum speed also multiplied, reaching 533 MHz.

DDR3 RAM
It was a revolution because XMP profiles were implemented here. It has the base speeds of 1066 MHz, but that went much further, and the density reached up to 8 GB per module.

DDR4 RAM
The speed has been notably increased, and each time faster memories are released from the factory, but its base began at 2133 MHz. Currently, there are already 32 GB modules, but this is also being expanded little by little.

PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES

DDR1: 184-pin (DIMM), 200-pin (SO-DIMM), and 172-pin (micro DIMM).
DDR2: 240-pin (DIMM), 200-pin (SO-DIMM), and 214-pin (micro DIMM).
DDR3: 240 pins (DIMM), 204 pins (SO-DIMM), and 214 pins (micro DIMM).
DDR4: 288-pin (DIMM), 256-pin (SO-DIMM). DDR4 micro DIMMs no longer exist.

4. What are the differences between SAS HD, SATA HD and SSD HD?

SATA (Serial ATA)
SATA hard drives are often inexpensive, they are more widely used by customers. In comparison to SAS drives, SATA hard drives are renowned for their exceptional storage capacity and superior power efficiency. SATA drives are commonly used for file sharing, email, web, backup, and archival data.

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
Compared to SATA devices, SAS hard drives are considered to be more dependable. SAS hard drives are made to withstand 24/7 use in critical enterprise applications. SAS drives are useful in situations where speed is more critical than capacity with the transfer rates up to 15,000 RPM. Compared to SATA drives, SAS drives have less storage, but they function better.

SSD (Solid-State Drives)
SSDs provide up to 100 times more performance than conventional hard drives, resulting in quicker system startup time and improved system performance. SSDs have no moving parts, unlike SATA and SAS hard drives, making them the most reliable and effective alternative. Compared to conventional hard drives, the absence of moving parts also results in a lower chance of failure and a higher level of power efficiency.

5. What is Acorn RISC Machine architecture?

Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) is a collection of RISC-based computer processor architectures that have been customized for a variety of settings. A RISC computer has fewer cycles per instruction (CPI) than a complicated instruction set computer (CISC). The RISC computer only has a small number of simple programs and not many complicated ones. The RISC instruction set is designed for an extremely predictable pipeline flow of instructions. The load/store architecture of RISC processors, which allows memory access through particular instructions rather than as part of most instructions, is another another characteristic of RISC architecture. The ARM architecture has the best MIPS to Watts ratio as well as best MIPS to $ ratio in the industry; the smallest CPU die size; all the necessary computing capability coupled with low power consumption of which a highly flexible and customizable set of processors are available with options to choose from, all at a low cost.

6. What are the differences between x86 architecture and ARM architecture?

The main distinction between ARM and X86 processors is that the former use a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture, and the latter use a CISC architecture (Complex Instruction set Architecture). This means that the ARM ISA is rather straightforward and that the majority of instructions run in a single clock cycle. CISC instructions, on the other hand, tend to be more complex and require numerous CPU cycles to complete each instruction. The explicit load-and-store model is used by ARM processors, which means that any operation involving two data objects in memory necessitates explicitly loading the relevant data from memory to the processor registers, carrying out the operation, and explicitly storing the relevant data back into memory.In the x86 architecture, the load-and-store logic is incorporated into the more complicated instructions, allowing for fewer instructions. Naturally, this means that CISC processors must have more hardware logic in order to decode and carry out the complex instructions they have, while the compiler must exert less work.