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    # 2022q1 Homework1 (lab0) contributed by < `ibat10clw` > > [lab0-c](https://github.com/ibat10clw/lab0-c) ###### tags: `linux2022` ## 實驗環境 ```shell $ gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0 Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual CPU(s): 8 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-7 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 4 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 60 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4790 CPU @ 3.60GHz Stepping: 3 CPU MHz: 1200.000 CPU max MHz: 4000.0000 CPU min MHz: 800.0000 BogoMIPS: 7183.16 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 128 KiB L1i cache: 128 KiB L2 cache: 1 MiB L3 cache: 8 MiB NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-7 Vulnerability Itlb multihit: KVM: Mitigation: VMX disabled Vulnerability L1tf: Mitigation; PTE Inversion; VMX conditional cach e flushes, SMT vulnerable Vulnerability Mds: Mitigation; Clear CPU buffers; SMT vulnerable Vulnerability Meltdown: Mitigation; PTI Vulnerability Spec store bypass: Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled v ia prctl and seccomp Vulnerability Spectre v1: Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization Vulnerability Spectre v2: Mitigation; Full generic retpoline, IBPB condit ional, IBRS_FW, STIBP conditional, RSB filling Vulnerability Srbds: Mitigation; Microcode Vulnerability Tsx async abort: Not affected Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtr r pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx f xsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rd tscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_ good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmper f pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx e st tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_ 1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fa ult epb invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad f sgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms inv pcid xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d ``` ## 作業要求 > [lab0](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2022-lab0) * 在 GitHub 上 fork [lab0-c](https://github.com/sysprog21/lab0-c) * 依據上述指示著手修改 `queue.[ch]` 和連帶的檔案,測試後用 Git 管理各項修改,要能滿足 `$ make test` 自動評分系統的所有項目。 * q_new: 建立一個新的 queue 並將 head 的指標初始化 * q_free: 釋放目前 queue 中的所有元素 * q_insert_head: 在 head 插入一個新元素 * q_insert_tail: 在 tail 插入一個新元素 * q_remove_head: 移除 head 端的元素 * q_remove_tail: 移除 tail 端的元素 * q_size: 計算 queue 的長度 * q_delete_mid: 刪除 queue 中間的元素(⌊q_size / 2⌋) * q_delete_dup: 刪除 queue 所有重複的元素 * q_swap: 將 queue 中相鄰的元素交換位置 * q_reverse: 將 queue 的順序反轉 * q_sort: 將 queue 中的元素以字典序做排序 ## 開發紀錄 ### q_new 最一開始沒有去判斷當 malloc 失敗的時候要有例外處理, 到了執行評分程式時才注意到, 後面如果有需要做 malloc 的部份也都需要檢查回傳的結果是否成功 INIT_LIST_HEAD 的作用是將 head->prev 和 head->next 指向自己 ```c= struct list_head *q_new() { // allocate a space of list_head struct list_head *q = (struct list_head *) malloc(sizeof(struct list_head)); if (!q) return NULL; INIT_LIST_HEAD(q); return q; } ``` ### q_free 根據[你所不知道的 C 語言: linked list 和非連續記憶體](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-linked-list#Linked-list-%E5%9C%A8-Linux-%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%A2%BC)中提到在 linux 中的 list 會把 list_head 嵌入到所需的結構體中, 但傳入的參數是 list_head, 因此需要透過 list_head 去找到 element_t 才能夠真正的去釋放記憶體 此外 element_t 中的 value 是一個指標, 也需要將其指向的記憶體空間收回 ```c void q_free(struct list_head *l) { if (!l) return; element_t *previous, *current; list_for_each_entry_safe (current, previous, l, list) { free(current->value); free(current); } free(l); } ``` ### q_insert_head 在插入的部份有兩個地方需要用到 malloc, 分別是 node 本身和 node 要存的value 由於 value 的部份是字串, 需要計算它的長度後再進行分配, 要是失敗的話則要先把前面 malloc 的node 釋放掉才能 return, 當 data 都準備好後只要將其接在 head 的next就好 ```c bool q_insert_head(struct list_head *head, char *s) { if (!head) return false; element_t *node = (element_t *) malloc(sizeof(element_t)); if (!node) return false; unsigned int len = strlen(s) + 1; node->value = malloc(sizeof(char) * len); if (!node->value) { free(node); return false; } memcpy(node->value, s, len); list_add(&node->list, head); return true; } ``` ### q_insert_tail 由於是 circular doubly linked list, 因此能夠參考 insert head 的部份, 只有最後要改為將 data 接在 head 的 prev 就可以了 ```c bool q_insert_tail(struct list_head *head, char *s) { if (!head) return false; element_t *node = (element_t *) malloc(sizeof(element_t)); if (!node) return false; unsigned int len = strlen(s) + 1; node->value = malloc(sizeof(char) * len); if (!node->value) { free(node); return false; } memcpy(node->value, s, len); list_add_tail(&node->list, head); return true; } ``` ### q_remove_head 根據作業要求除了要將 node 移出 list 以外, 當傳入的 sp 不是空指標時要將 data 複製進去 ```c element_t *q_remove_head(struct list_head *head, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { if (!head || head->next == head) return NULL; element_t *node = list_first_entry(head, element_t, list); if (sp) { strncpy(sp, node->value, bufsize - 1); sp[bufsize - 1] = '\0'; } list_del(head->next); return node; } ``` ### q_remove_tail 跟 remove_head 做比較, 差別只有移除的 node 從 head->next 改為 head->prev ```c element_t *q_remove_tail(struct list_head *head, char *sp, size_t bufsize) { if (!head || head->next == head) return NULL; element_t *node = list_last_entry(head, element_t, list); if (sp) { strncpy(sp, node->value, bufsize - 1); sp[bufsize - 1] = '\0'; } list_del(head->prev); return node; } ``` ### q_size 透過走訪整個 list 後來計算 list 的長度 ```c int q_size(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || head == head->next) return 0; int len = 0; struct list_head *li; list_for_each (li, head) len++; return len; } ``` ### q_delete_mid 這邊的關鍵在於如何找出位於中間的 node 我使用了 slow 和 fast 的指標來走訪 list, 兩個指標的移動速度剛好差一倍, 所以當 fast 繞了一圈後 slow恰好會在 list 中間, 找到之後將其刪除(除了移出 list 外, 記憶體也要收回) ```c bool q_delete_mid(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || head->next == head) return false; struct list_head *fast = head; struct list_head *slow = head; do { fast = fast->next->next; slow = slow->next; } while (fast->next != head && fast != head); element_t *target = list_entry(slow, element_t, list); list_del(slow); free(target->value); free(target); return true; } ``` ### q_delete_dup 由於只會作用在 sorted list , 我用了一個 current 的指標, 並且會在每個 node 都向後看, 只要發現重複就將開始刪除, 直到 current->next 和 current 不相等後再把 current 刪除, 並且往更新過後的 list 的下一個 node 前進 ```c bool q_delete_dup(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || head->next == head) return false; struct list_head *current = head->next; char tag; while (current != head) { element_t *node = list_entry(current, element_t, list); while (current->next != head && !strcmp(node->value, list_entry(current->next, element_t, list)->value)) { tag = 1; element_t *del_node = list_entry(current->next, element_t, list); list_del(current->next); free(del_node->value); free(del_node); } if (tag) { tag = 0; element_t *del_node = list_entry(current, element_t, list); struct list_head *tmp = current->next; list_del(current); free(del_node->value); free(del_node); current = tmp; } else current = current->next; } return true; } ``` ### q_swap 這裡採用比較直覺的作法, 交換兩個 node 共會影響 6 個 link 把他們全部轉向即可 由於 while 的判斷, 當 current 走回 head 的時候就會停止, 不過若 q_size 為偶數, 則最後一個 node 也會被調整, 最後的 if 是為了在此情形中調整 head 的 link ```c void q_swap(struct list_head *head) { struct list_head *current = head->next, *previous = head, *tmp = NULL; while (current != head && current->next != head) { tmp = previous; previous = current; current = current->next; previous->next = current->next; current->next = previous; current->prev = previous->prev; previous->prev = current; tmp->next = current; previous->next->prev = previous; current = previous->next; } if (current->next != head) { previous->next = head; head->prev = previous; } } ``` ### q_reverse 由於 head 是不帶 data 的, 因此要反轉 list 只需要將 所有 node 的 next 和 prev 做交換即可 指標 tmp 用於輔助交換, 當交換完成後原先的 next 的方向會變成存在 prev 內, 因此透過 prev 來移動 current ```c void q_reverse(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || head == head->next || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head *tmp; struct list_head *current = head->next; while (current != head) { tmp = current->prev; current->prev = current->next; current->next = tmp; current = current->prev; } tmp = head->prev; head->prev = head->next; head->next = tmp; } ``` ### q_sort 這邊採用了遞迴的 merge sort來實作, 並且在排序的過程中先忽視 prev 的存在, 同時將 circular 的結構破壞, 等待排序完畢後再透過 next 的順序去恢復成 doubly circular linked list merge sort 共有兩大重點, 分別是: 1. 分割 在分割的部份我採用了 slow 和 fast 的指標來找尋 list 的中間節點, 找到後將中間節點的 next 指向 NULL, 直到所有 sub list 的 size 都小於等於 1 為止 1. 合併 合併的部份採用的方式是老師[你所不知道的 C 語言: linked list 和非連續記憶體](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/c-linked-list#%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E6%8E%A2%E8%A8%8E-LeetCode-21-Merge-Two-Sorted-Lists)中介紹的 merge two sorted list 的方法 當 sorting 完成後, 把 prev 的 link 連回去, 然後把 last node 與 head 的連結也恢復後就完成了 ```c struct list_head *merge(struct list_head *l1, struct list_head *l2) { struct list_head *head = NULL, **ptr = &head, **node; for (node = NULL; l1 && l2; *node = (*node)->next) { node = strcmp(list_entry(l1, element_t, list)->value, list_entry(l2, element_t, list)->value) < 0 ? &l1 : &l2; *ptr = *node; ptr = &(*ptr)->next; } *ptr = l1 ? l1 : l2; return head; } struct list_head *mergesort(struct list_head *head) { if (!head->next) { return head; } struct list_head *fast = head; struct list_head *slow = head; while (fast->next && fast->next->next) { fast = fast->next->next; slow = slow->next; } struct list_head *mid = slow->next; slow->next = NULL; struct list_head *left = mergesort(head); struct list_head *right = mergesort(mid); return merge(left, right); } void q_sort(struct list_head *head) { if (!head || head->next == head || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head *tmp = head->next; head->prev->next = NULL; head->next = NULL; struct list_head *sorted = mergesort(tmp); struct list_head *current = sorted; struct list_head *previous = 0; while (current) { previous = current; current = current->next; if (current) current->prev = previous; } sorted->prev = head; head->next = sorted; head->prev = previous; previous->next = head; } ``` ### 在 qtest 提供新的命令 shuffle 目前已經在 queue.c 中完成了 shuffle 的程式碼 先建立一個 newh 來輔助洗牌 每個回合會從原 list 中隨機選一個 node 移除, 並且 insert 在 newh 的 head 當所有元素都以新的順序被串在 newh 後, 之後再將 newh, first node, last node 的 link 串回原先的 head 便完成了洗牌的操作 ```c static bool q_shuffle(struct list_head *head) { if(!head || list_empty(head)) return false; else if(list_is_singular(head)) return true; int len = 0; struct list_head *li; struct list_head newh; newh.next = &newh; newh.prev = &newh; list_for_each (li, head) len++; srand(time(NULL)); while (len) { int node_num = (rand() % len) + 1; li = head; do { li = li->next; } while (--node_num); struct list_head *tmp = li; list_del(li); list_add(tmp, &newh); len--; } newh.next->prev = head; newh.prev->next = head; head->next = newh.next; head->prev = newh.prev; return true; } ``` 接下來要將功能與 qtest 做結合 在閱讀了作業要求中, 如何新增 do_hello 的方法後, 已經有成功新增 hello 命令 同時在 qtest.c 中找到了 do_show 的實作, 打算模仿此方法將 shuffle 的命令加入 qtest 中 最後我仿照了 do_dm 將 shuffle 的功能加入了 qtest ```c static bool do_shuffle(int argc, char *argv[]) { if (argc != 1) { report(1, "%s takes no arguments", argv[0]); return false; } if (!l_meta.l) report(3, "Warning: Try to access null queue"); error_check(); bool ok = true; if (exception_setup(true)) ok = q_shuffle(l_meta.l); exception_cancel(); show_queue(3); return ok && !error_check(); } ``` ## TODO ### trace-17-complexity 我的程式碼在 github 的 CI 有時後會失敗, 但在自己的電腦上測試從 insert, remove, free 這三個部份做完後就一直是通過的狀態, 需要進一步釐清原因 ### 部份程式碼改進 與觀摩區的作業比較後認為我的程式碼應該需要多使用 list.h 提供的 API 去改寫, 但有些 macro 還不是很理解, 等待理解後在將他們改進 ## 參考資料 * [Reverse a doubly circular linked list](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/reverse-a-doubly-circular-linked-list/) *

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