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# CS-598 HPN ## Introduction ### History - Manually - 1989 Machenical telephone switch - Circuit switching is wasteful - Packet Switch 1959 - SOSP 1967 -> ARPANET use packet switch - "Lo", the first message send in ARPANET - 1970: TCP/IP - 1990: BGP - Changes in the last decades - Increasing scale - more nodes, difficult to manage - More functionality - Commercial - performance - emergence of **large** **private** networks ### In this course - Review - Historical Perspective - Switching - Endhost - Beyond switches and endhosts IP is hard to change, since it is just one point to another point. TCP is consencus. Innovations are hard to happen. Meet by appointment #### Papers - End-to-end arguments in system design - Design pilosophy of the DARPA - Active networking ### Software Defined Networking - switches: doub - controller: smart - Openflow, SDN cointrollers - Google software defined WAN (B4) ### Programmable Data Plane ### Smart NICs FPGA ### Industry - SNAP, VFP, AccelNet ### Beyond switches and endhosts - Edge, Cellular, Virtualization ### A recurring theme Tussle between performance and programmability - CPU - ASIC ## Reading 1 ### [End to end principle](https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece598hpn/fa2022/papers/endtoend.pdf) 在选择要在通信子系统中提供的功能时,端到端参数是一种“奥卡姆剃刀”。因为通信子系统经常在使用子系统的应用程序已知之前指定,设计者可能会试图通过承担不必要的更多功能来“帮助”用户。了解端到端的争论有助于减少这种诱惑。如今,谈论“分层”通信协议很流行,但没有明确定义为层分配功能的标准。这样的分层对于增强模块化是可取的。端到端论证可以被视为组织这种分层系统的一组合理原则的一部分。我们希望我们的讨论将有助于为关于“适当”分层的争论增添实质内容。 也就是说,对于网络系统的设计,需要自下而上的考虑每一个组件的必要性和有效性 ### [Design philosophy](https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece598hpn/fa2022/papers/designphilosophy.pdf) 以下列表总结了为 Internet 体系结构建立的一组更详细的目标。 1. 尽管网络或网关丢失,互联网通信仍必须继续。 2. 互联网必须支持多种通信服务。 3. Internet 架构必须适应各种网络。 4. Internet 架构必须允许对其资源进行分布式管理。 5. 互联网架构必须具有成本效益 6. Internet 体系结构必须允许以较低的工作量连接主机。 7. 互联网架构中使用的资源必须负责。 必须对其进行复制。由于复制的分布式特性,确保稳健复制的算法本身很难构建,并且很少有具有分布式状态信息的网络提供任何形式的故障保护。该架构选择的替代方案是获取此信息并将其收集到网络的端点,即使用网络服务的实体处。我将这种可靠性方法称为“命运共享” (**fate-sharing**)交换机会记录路由表。 最重要的目标是互联网应该继续提供通信服务,即使网络和网关出现故障。互联网架构的第二个目标是,它应该在传输服务层面支持各种类型的服务。 IP 试图提供一个基本的构建块,可以从中构建各种类型的服务。这个构建块是数据报,它也被用来支持生存能力。 创建 rotocol (UDP)13 的目的是为 Internet 的基本数据报服务提供应用级接口 对于 Internet 架构的成功而言,它能够整合和利用各种网络技术。 未来几年互联网架构中最重要的变化可能是开发新一代的多主管部门资源管理工具 (management of resources in the context of multiple administrations)。也就是 ASN。在论文之后 BGP 发明了 1989。很明显,在某些情况下,Internet 架构在使用昂贵的通信资源方面的成本效益不如更量身定制的架构。 Internet 数据包的报头相当长。 在 TCP 的开发过程中,这里有几个有趣且有争议的设计决策。TCP的设计者认为只有一种形式的控制就足够了。选择是调节字节的传递,而不是数据包。因此,TCP的流量控制和确认是基于字节数而不是数据包数。 在数据报的背景下,资源管理和问责制的目标被证明很难实现。正如上一节所讨论的,大多数数据报是一些从源头到目的地的数据包序列的一部分,而不是应用层面的孤立单元。然而,网关不能直接看到这个序列的存在,因为它被迫孤立地处理每个数据包。 在维持与流量相关的所需服务类型方面,信息将不是关键。相反,该类型的服务将由终端强制执行,终端将定期发送消息以确保适当的服务类型与流量相关联。通过这种方式,与流量相关的状态信息可以在崩溃中丢失,而不会对正在使用的服务功能造成永久性破坏。我把这个概念称为 "软状态",它很可能允许我们实现生存能力和灵活性的主要目标。 ## Lecture 2: End-to-End Arguments and Design Philosophy ### End-to-End Arguments - End to end check has lower overhead then check every layer - Some IoT, i.e. Internet of SHIT, devices just cannot do reliable transfer, so need to make every step reliable, such as retransfer or rerouting. - Retransfer is the simplest way, cause reliable cannot be lasting always - The system network layer should be as simple as possible, or some complex functions cause it doesn;t work well and hard to fix. The performance enhancement comes with incorrectness and inflexibility. ### Design Philosophy ### Concepts - Fate-Sharing - Flow - a set of packages - Sift-state - recover frim crash or failures ### Paper Reading 2: [Internet Only Just Works ](https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/CS598HPN/fa2022/papers/internet-only-just-works.pdf) ### History APARNET ->1980 Network Jam -> DNS -> OSI -> BGP (1990) ->CIDR (1993) -> Mosaic (1993) -> - technologies get deployed in the core of the Internet when they solve an immediate problem or when money can be made ### After 1993 - NAT - VPN - 多播、QoS 和 IP 移动性都未能得到广泛部署 - technologiesthat were supposed to help with convergence such as QoS and IP Multicast are widely regarded as failures, and certainly not widely available as end-to-end services. - As we have seen, the core protocols that comprise the Internet architecture have ossified, and today change is extremely difficult. At the same time, demands being placed on the Internet have continued to change, and so problems have started to accumulate. At the presenttime, none of these problems has become severe, butthe concern is that they will become so in time. These are some of the ways in which the Internet currently only just works. ## Lecture 4: A Clean Slate 4D Approach to Network Control and Management - 我们称之为 "4D",以该架构的四个平面命名:决策、传播、发现和数据。4D架构将AS的决策逻辑与管理网络元素之间互动的协议完全分开。 ### [BGP 的问题](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1096536.1096541) - 这里有许多数据网络,由具有不同目标的组织设计和管理。各个网络的目的完全不同;除了我们熟悉的骨干网络外,还有接入网、城域网、企业网和数据中心网。 - 正如特设管理能力需要叠加在IP控制平面之上一样,在以太网中实现高级功能已经导致了越来越多的特设和复杂的管理系统。目前的架构迫使这些系统在以太网络的控制平面之外运行,在那里它们经常与之发生冲突。 - 解决本节所述问题的关键是创造一种方法,使管理网络的架构意图和操作约束能够直接表达出来,然后通过在各个路由器/交换机上设置数据面状态来自动执行。 ### 4D ![](https://i.imgur.com/6yZaR0e.png)

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