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- 張子龍(2023年10月09日),損益比,不是「損益比較」的簡稱。[貼文],臉書。https://hackmd.io/@DebateTeddyBear/rJ_Zsp1S1e ## 損益比,不是「損益比較」的簡稱。 <style> P { text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute; } </style> 損益比,不是「損益比較」的簡稱。 而只是一種比較的方法:成本效益分析(cost benefit analysis)。 而「這種」比較方法的前提,是利益和弊害之間可以共量:例如都是錢(稅收和稽徵成本)或者都是人命(威嚇力和誤判)等等──如果不可共量,就沒有辦法計算損益比(cost-benefit ratio)。 <br> 這時,我們有三種選擇: 第一是通分,把不可共量變成可共量,把人命換成金錢/把金錢換成人命。 第二則是大家所熟悉的「損益比」套路:明確、專屬、彈性、均衡、弱勢 …。 但其實,這些都沒有真的在做「利弊比較」而只是「不比較」的策略。(再說一次:損益比,不是「損益比較」的簡稱,而只是「利弊可共量時」用的一種比較方法,不可共量就不能用──要不得通分,要不用套路。) <br> 而為什麼說「套路」其實是「不比較」的策略呢? 因為不可共量,就不能比較(計算)損益比。但是沒關係,我不知道怎麼比,不代表你就知道啊!我們可以大膽假設:雙方「現有的」利弊是相當的──但是因為你的利弊不明確、利益不專屬/弊害能被外掛解決;或是因為我的政策更彈性、更均衡、更弱勢,所以我「多了」一些東西,我贏! 換句話說,其實有兩種損益比:狹義的和廣義的。 只有狹義的損益比,是在做比較。前提是:先天可共量,或後天可通分。如果不可共量,也沒法通分,就只能用廣義損益比的套路進行「不比較」的比較,也就是:打平/比不出來,但我多一個。 <br> 但是(狹義)損益比,只是「一種」比較的方法。 在通分和套路之外,我們還有第三種選擇:我們可以提出「其他」價值標準。 (損益比/成本效益分析,其實就是「一種」標準,所以只是「一種」比較方法。) 這有兩個步驟:首先,提出標準並說明為什麼標準可取;其次,應用標準並說明為什麼利大於弊。 但由於「損益比/成本效益分析」是已經內化了的預設標準,所以操作(狹義或廣義)損益比,並不需要說明它為何可取:因此,就會出現一種狀況。 正方做了不完整的損益比,反方提出其他標準,並說明為什麼在此標準下對方弊大於利。 <br> 這時候會是正方獲勝:因為正方標準(預設)可取,只是應用有失誤;反方並未說明為何標準可取,應用也僅僅略優於正方──說到底,是對「損益比」和「比較」的認識不清晰,也不明白「標準」的意義所導致。

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