wanderingslu
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    # 郑波 如水的社群 节选 社群概念的开放程度不同,有些边界清晰,有些边界模糊,有些强调稳定,有些强调流动。无产阶级、少数民族、班级集体、公司同仁,这些团体的成员都拥有明确的身份,在档案、户口本、学生证、工作证中以文字的形式固定下来,受到国家和市场机制的认可和保护。NGO志愿者团体、豆瓣上的小组、公园里老人组织的合唱团则可以相对自由的加入、退出,通常不受国家机制的限制和保护。这些群体的成员身份不具有本质性,而是因行为、兴趣、行动而产生,更多的强调自发性而非强制性。当下社群的形成越来越是自下而上的;自上而下、依靠国家机构组织的社群对年轻人缺乏吸引力。 阶级、族群的边界既是对内的——强调成员之间的共同之处,也是对外的——强调与其他阶级、群体的差异。无产阶级与资产阶级相对,少数民族与汉族相对。划分是阶级、族群存在的前提。在人群的划分上,社经地位依然是我们最敏感的维度。虽然毛时代的阶级词语——无产阶级、资产阶级、全世界无产者、劳动人民、工农兵——已经渐渐淡出,但新的词语又不断被发明和引入:白领、小白领、农民工、高富帅等等。 对社会进行划分大体出现两种模式:二元对立或多元共处。毛时代多采用二元对立的模式,进步的劳动人民对反动的资本家,革命群众对反革命分子。这种模式强调冲突、斗争、革命。改革开放后,社会阶层观逐渐取代了阶级对立观,研究者依照职业、资本、教育程度等维度将中国社会划分为多个阶层。2002年出版的《当代中国社会阶层研究报告》(陆学艺主编,社会科学文献出版社出版)最具影响力。中国社会被划分为10个社会阶层,即国家与社会管理者阶层、经理人员阶层、私营企业主阶层、专业技术人员阶层、办事人员阶层、个体工商户阶层、商业服务业员工阶层、产业工人阶层、农业劳动者阶层和城乡无业失业半失业者阶层。这些阶层中显然有强势与弱势之分,但阶层之间的流动取代了阶级之间的斗争(流动得如何?网红。。结构性的又是什么?)。大家普遍希望向更具优势的阶层流动,加入他们,而不是要打倒他们。值得注意的是,2008年全球金融危机爆发,占领华尔街等西方社会运动提出了“我们是99%”(Wearethe99%)的口号,再次启动二元对立的模式——99%的劳动者对1%的全球富豪。阶级对抗的观念是否会再次席卷全球,对全球资本主义构成有效的威胁,尚待观察。 在中国的都市年轻人中,多元共处是当下的主流价值观。大家关注的往往是规模较小的社群,而文化已经成为凝聚社群的核心动力。文化趣味当然与社经地位息息相关,但因后者而结盟会受到诸多因素的限制,从政治上的管控到文化上的陈旧感。因此,艺术与社群的关系日益紧密,这也是为什么关于社群的讨论会出现在一本艺术期刊的原因。

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