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    # 关于一些老套理论基础的笔记 by 吉 琛佳 ## 20世纪前半叶的时代精神 “世纪末”(1880-1900)风格:颓废、堕落 “新世纪”(形成于20世纪开初至一战前):以文明修复者自居,影响直至当前(1945年) 新文化的特征: * 非道德主义——主智(知识分子)化的官能主义(intellectualized sensuality)(Cf. 纪德的诗) * 金融资本充裕——出现趋炎附势的文化,作家和作品的异化、商品化 但是,新的故事(冒险、不道德和性解放)并没有出现新的主题,其中反映的还是19世纪中期以来的一贯核心内容:腐朽的资本主义社会中社会关系的瓦解 ## 19世纪文学的三个特征性主题 1. 失败、幻灭的主题(如福楼拜《情感教育》等) 1. 二元对立主题(行动与梦想、灵与肉) 1. 离奇(marvellous)主题 第三点使得19世纪文学对日常生活攻击不断,而这延续到了当前 提倡“离奇”的文学: * 夏多布里昂“基督徒的离奇”(体现在其作品《基督的真谛》*Génie du christianisme*)中 * 浪漫主义 * 雨果:道德的能量 ## 波德莱尔 放弃形而上的和道德层面,开始使自己没入日常之中,反对、诋毁、攻击日常性。 他承认寻常背后隐藏的伟大。认为当偶然之中的永恒、惯常之中的永恒被发现时,就会产生伟大的艺术作品 他尝试调和二元对立,不是通过和解、综合或取代,而是通过激烈的智识上的混乱而达到,这种混乱和挣扎甚至会引起精神的崩溃。 他要求艺术家去面对日常,解开缠绕着(而非高于或超过)日常的活生生的精神(living spirit)。 这种认识导致他反对成熟、成年,赞颂精神病和儿童性(childhood)——这些是离奇的必然结果。 波德莱尔和福楼拜并列为19世纪文学的开创者。他是之后所有躁动和神经质的诗人之滥觞。在他们那里,语言通过直接作用在日常生活的真实之上,使真实转化为诗歌。 * 兰波 直接在某物中看到另一物,在脸、云朵、风景中看到动物、天使、错乱的城市。在这高度的混乱之中,抽象和具体,符号和感知混为一谈。 * 洛特雷阿蒙《马尔多罗之歌》 对于不同物品的意外并置。 ## 在他们之后,有关“离奇”的当代主题发生了分歧 1. 魔幻现实主义:解释真实世界的神秘意义,使世界显得脆弱,可能变形,可以被接受(让-路易·傅尼叶/亞蘭·傅尼葉《美丽的约定》(*Le Grand Meaulnes*)(1913)) 1. 超现实主义:将兴趣从现实中引开,像兰波那样尝试创造另一个世界,使得想象的无限世界在寻常之内生出影响 两者的共同点:攻击的对象都是日常生活和人类现实。文学和政治诉求趋于一致 ## 对于超现实主义的评价 布勒东:“离奇总是很美,不论什么样的离奇都是美的,而且只有离奇才是美的。”(《超现实主义宣言》(1924)) 三点批判: 1. 尝试对抗无法忍受的现实,但使用的方法是谴责现实的残酷,企图以精神力量来打败现实。这诋毁和低估了人改变现实的能力 1. 组织被布勒东控制,变成了他主导的宗教·政治小团体 1. 依据以更新思想、知识和现实的是“新的离奇(nouveau merveilleux)”、新的神话、新的信仰,但他们的思想中并没有东西超过了波德莱尔、兰波以及一些已有的哲学思想 ## 超现实主义的独特性 1. 病态的要素在超现实主义中走到了前台,疯狂、神经错乱也变得可以接受。 1. 离奇已经变得不再是离奇,而是仅仅由吃惊或异域感觉而产生的古怪、出乎意料和奇异感(weird, the unexpected and the bizarre)。 1. 事实上这种所谓的离奇是建立在日常生活层面上操作的,是用来把日常生活的内侧翻到外面来,发现其其他的、有趣得多的侧面。 总而言之,超现实主义认为有可能通过超现实主义的想象力拓宽和丰富日常生活的侧面。然而他们其实选择了错误且不负责任的介入方式。 ## 非理性转换法则 但尽管如此,超现实主义的分析表现出一个关于人类精神的法则,该法则使得我们可能展开对日常生活的批判。此即“**非理性转换法则**”(The law of the transformation of the irrational) 神秘、神圣和神奇本来都是生活真实的一部分,只因为理性的力量在近代逐渐加强,才发生了如下修改: 1. 降级。仪式下降为手势;邪恶下降为羞耻、丑陋;神奇降格为奇怪、奇异 1. 内部转移和取代,直接的人与世界的关系被(物的关系?)取代,被转入戏剧、艺术、虚构的领域中 ## 奇异(bizarre) 奇异体验如听到外国人说本国语言时的感受:是对现实情况的一点变化和扭曲。是已知和未知的混合,它扰乱了思考意义,但并未造成实际上的困扰。 奇异既是兴奋剂又是镇定剂,不产生颠覆性的效果,它代替了神秘,将之变成一种大众性的东西。 对奇异的追求可能会形成对日常生活的批判,但这只是一种笨拙、不明确、危险和否定性的批判。它自身显示出病症: 1. 一种认知失常的体现(尤其在知识分子中出现)。 因为现代社会的信息量增长过快,导致他们在认知跟不上节奏。遂把概念/抽象和事物混为一谈,概念被当做了另一个物。 这在现代文学和艺术中广有体现(波德莱尔“歇斯底里”、兰波“错乱”、超现实主义“偏执狂”)。对这些的接受使得现代艺术家能够逃避现实,躲进他觉得更有吸引力的幻想、奇异之中 1. 对于非正常的永久追求 神圣仪式有固定时间,但奇异是随时存在的——虽然也面临着随时被消解的危险 波德莱尔:将非人化引入了审美,否定了崇高的理念。这造成了在纯洁和绝对的“美”名义下的不纯洁和丑陋 这会导致人们认知功能的失败——无法辨认理念与现实、绝对与相对、形而上与形而下、超自然与自然 ## 哲学领域同样存在这种寻常琐碎和神秘虚构之间的摇摆不定 * 舍斯托夫(L. Chestov):“常温带的生与极地/热带地区的人类生活绝对地不同”——否定了常温带其实是最适合人类生活的地区,因此也是日常生活存在的地带 * 冯达(B. Fondane):“不寻常的瞬间比无意义的长久要来得重要”——以异常否定尘世,便是否定痛苦、琐碎,也是否定生活本身 日常生活的意义被否定殆尽,甚至有人认为只有彻底否定日常后到达“无”的状态,存在的秘密才会被揭示出来。 所以哲学家与诗人在做一样的事情:贬低平凡的日常生活 但其实日常生活的很多侧面(如痛苦和神秘感)无法被理论地概括。其方方面面值得被讨论和研究。特别是因为,只有在日常的琐屑之中,对于真理和美的追求才能够得到展开。因此我们有必要重新去建立有关人的力量和活力的基础,而不是像这些哲学家那样接受一个存在于他处的幻影。也只有这样我们才能知道要克服的事情是什么,为此我们能做些什么。 ## 日常生活批判的目标 日常生活批判的第一目标:**区分人(真实且有可能存在的)与资产阶级的颓废**,这意味着明确恢复日常生活的可能性 可能性只存在于对日常生活中的普通人的讨论。关于超人的思想也是关于非人的。人只能一天天地活,否则他就跟没有活过无异。日常生活批判就是要讨论这样活生生的人。 让·卡苏(J. Cassou)的作品标志着新时代的开始:并未脱离对离奇的追求,但他开始反思那种自我欺骗、逃避现实的做法,追求回归平常。他的作品是对魔法的告别,尝试在日常中创造伟大。日常生活批判的目标与此一致。

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