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    # 2018q1 Homework2 (assessment) contributed by < `f74034067` > ### [第 1 週測驗題](https://hackmd.io/s/rJh9U4Guf) 測驗 5 考慮以下整數乘法的實作程式碼: ```clike int mul(int n, int m) { int ret = 0; for (int c = 0; m; c++, m /= 2) if (!(m % 2 - 1)) OP return ret; } ``` 上述 `OP` 對應到下方哪個程式敘述呢? `(a)` ret = n << c; `(b)` ret += n; `(c)` ret <<= n; `(d)` ret = c << n; `(e)` ret += n << c; #### 答案 `(e)` ret += n << c; #### 想法 首先看到 `if (!(m % 2 - 1))` 中如果 m 為奇數,也就是二進位表示最後一位為 1 時,則會進行 `OP`,再看到 `for` 迴圈會不斷將 m / 2 ,也就是右移,而 c 會不斷累加,用以紀錄 m 右移了幾次,最後可以發現 ``` 若 m 的第一個 bit 為 1 ,則 ret += n * 1 若 m 的第二個 bit 為 1 ,則 ret += n * 2 若 m 的第三個 bit 為 1 ,則 ret += n * 4 ... ``` 例如若 m = 11,則 ret = n * (1 + 2 + 8) #### 延伸 若是 m 為負數時,`m % 2`會得出 0 與 -1 兩種可能,所以 `(!(m % 2 - 1))` 只會得出 false 的結果,因此 m < 0 時只會 return 0,乘法無法順利運作。 :::danger 如何修正?不要只有「因為...所以...」這樣的描述,要有推論和改進方案!我們做的是工程訓練,不是考公職。 :notes: jserv ::: ### [第 2 週測驗題](https://hackmd.io/s/SJO5LN9_M) 測驗 3 考慮到某些實數的二進位表示形式如同 $0.yyyyy...$ 這樣的無限循環小數,其中 $y$ 是個 $k$ 位的二進位序列,例如 $\frac{1}{3}$ 的二進位表示為 $0.01010101...$ (y = `01`),而 $\frac{1}{5}$ 的二進位表示為 $0.001100110011...$ (y = `0011`),考慮到以下 y 值,求出對應的十進位分數值。 * y = `010011` => $\frac{19}{X1}$ * y = `101` => $\frac{5}{X2}$ * y = `0110` => $\frac{2}{X3}$ #### 想法 利用無窮等比級數的公式,當公比 -1 < r < 1,則總和為 $\frac{首項}{1-r}$ #### 答案 * y = `010011` => 首項 = $\frac{19}{64}$ ,r = $\frac{1}{64}$ => x1 = 63 * y = `101` => 首項 = $\frac{5}{8}$ ,r = $\frac{1}{8}$ => x2 = 7 * y = `0110` => 首項 = $\frac{6}{16}$ ,r = $\frac{1}{16}$ => x3 = 5 ### [第 3 週測驗題](https://hackmd.io/s/SknkEfVFf) 測驗 2 :::danger 3 月 26 日的截止時間剩下幾小時了,但我看不到你的充分付出。 :notes: jserv ::: 考慮到下方函式 `shift_right_arith` 和 `shift_right_logical` 分別表示算術右移和邏輯右移,請嘗試補完程式碼。可由 `sizeof(int) * 8` 得知整數型態 `int` 的位元數 `w`,而位移量 `k` 的有效範圍在 0 到 `w - 1`。 ```Clike #include <stdio.h> int shift_right_arith(int x, int k) { int xsrl = (unsigned) x >> k; int w = sizeof(int) << P1; int mask = (int) -1 << (P2); if (x < 0) return xsrl P3 mask; return xsrl; } unsigned shift_right_logical(unsigned x, int k) { unsigned xsra = (int) x >> k; int w = sizeof(int) << P4; int mask = (int) -1 << (P5); return xsra P6 P7; } ``` #### 想法 ``` shift_right_arith : 把最左位元的值填入新的最左位元 1101 0111 => 1110 1011 shift_right_logical : 移走的位填充為 0 1101 0111 => 0110 1011 ``` * 算術右移 * 由 `sizeof(int) * 8` 得知整數型態 `int` 的位元數 `w` 可推得 p1 = 3。 * (int) -1 = $(111...1)_2$ , mask 只要最左邊的 k 個位元為 1,因此左移 (w - k) * 由 `if (x < 0)` 可以推算當 x 最左邊的 bit 為 1 時 xsrl 必須把最左邊的 k 個 bits 改回 1 => `xsrl | mask` * 邏輯右移 * p4 = 3 * (int) -1 = $(111...1)_2$ , mask 只要最左邊的 k 個位元為 1,因此左移 (w - k) * 將最左邊 k 個位元填充為 0 => `xsra & ~mask` #### 答案 ```Clike #include <stdio.h> int shift_right_arith(int x, int k) { int xsrl = (unsigned) x >> k; int w = sizeof(int) << 3; int mask = (int) -1 << (w-k); if (x < 0) return xsrl | mask; return xsrl; } unsigned shift_right_logical(unsigned x, int k) { unsigned xsra = (int) x >> k; int w = sizeof(int) << 3; int mask = (int) -1 << (w-k); return xsra & ~mask; } ``` #### 延伸 :::info 延伸題目: 在 x86_64 和 Aarch32/Aarch64 找到對應的指令,並說明其作用和限制 ::: * Reference : * [X86 Assembly/Shift and Rotate](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Assembly/Shift_and_Rotate) * [Arithmetic Shift Operations](http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/mdp_micro/lecture4/lecture4-3-3.html) * x86_64 * **sar** dest, src Arithmetic shift `dest` to the right by `src` bits. Spaces are filled with sign bit (to maintain sign of original value), which is the original highest bit. * **shr** dest, src Logical shift `dest` to the right by `src` bits. * Aarch32/Aarch64 * r0, r1, **ASR** r2 shift value in `r1` `r2` places right and fill in vacant bits with copies of original most significant bit * r0, r1, **LSR** r2 shift the binary value of `r1` `r2` places to the right

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