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    # Dada and Surrealism: Poetics of Everyday Life 达达和超现实主义:日常生活的诗歌 --- Dada is the only savings bank that pays interest in eternity. Richard Huelsenbeck Surrealism appears to me in its essentials as a sort of rage, a rage against the existing state of things. Georges Bataille --- # Introduction * 达达和超现实主义被广泛认为是二十世纪最重要和有影响力的先锋文化运动。但是人们普遍忽视了他们对现代文明的激进主义式的批判。 -毫不妥协,打破传统,对西方文化“total”批判(“Total”critique) -激进,政治,革命 -模拟和讽刺资产阶级社会的异化和失败 -资产阶级价值观空洞 -象征主义,立体主义,乌托邦 -达达和超现实主义在传统的乌托邦思想中根深蒂固(乌托邦式的冲动) -通过日常生活的Transfiguartion寻找乌托邦 * 本章节试图集中注意力在达达主义者和超现实主义者的思想和实践的 更公开的关于社会政治的成分,因为这都是关于“日常生活”的批判。 --- # Dada: the 'Crushing Joke' * 本章作者通过各种主义,政党,艺术的变更概述了达达主义从起源到走向瓦解的过程。 * 达达主义最初的起源有些神秘,而且受到了许多apocryphal and partisan myth-making的影响。但是人们普遍认为,达达主义最明显的先锋派前身是意大利未来主义运动。未来主义不仅包含绘画或写作,还是一个完整的重建生活,环境和发展的新主体,为此未来主义者们还大胆创新架构,时尚和语言。未来主义也呼吁直接政治干预。他们还利用新兴的大众媒体来推动自己的发展,并发动“挑衅”来吸引公众注意力,并撰写了大量的“宣言”。 * In essence, Dada arose out of the failure of the prewar avant-gardes to develop a coherent critique of modern life in its totality, combined with widespread domestic dissatisfaction in combatant nations caused by enforced conscription, rationing and military setbacks. * “Dada”是一个口号,是达达主义者们随便在一本字典上翻取的,是马蹄“哒哒”的声音。 苏黎世达达主义者:所有社会、政治、宗教、学术和道德价值观都被认为是讽刺和嘲笑的目标。这是针对西方世界的制度和价值观。 艺术被认为是特殊的滥用,因为长期以来艺术被资产阶级鼓吹为崇高理想,而达达主义者认为,艺术在现代社会是一种彻底的意识形态,在马克思最初的观念看来。 -法兰克福学派(尤其Herbert Marcuse)提出“不受批评的批评”,Huelsenbeck提出,“达达主义者有必要反对艺术,因为他认为这是一种moral 安全阀。” * 达达主义者在荣格(“同步性”的概念)和弗洛伊德的无意识模型的著作中找到了关于机会(chance)和自发性(spontaneity)的理论支持。这些影响也在超现实主义者的“客观机会(objective chance)”,the Situationists derive, 列斐伏尔的“节日”和Bakhtin’s carnival中占据了重要位置。 * 转向共产主义或各种无政府主义 * 到了20世纪20年代早期,大多数著名的柏林达达主义者最终放弃了达达主义,加入了德国共产党,KDP。 * 这些内部的 政治和意识形态上的差异,以及在世界大战结束后达达主义思想相其他欧洲和北美城市的传播,作为一种综合力量的瓦解,导致了达达主义的瓦解。 --- # Surrealism: Alchemy of the Word * 超现实主义是在法国开始的文化运动,源于达达主义,由法国作家Andre Breton发起。 认为如梦境、幻觉、本能等是创作的源泉,主张从潜意识的思想实际中求得“超现实”。作品主要描写潜意识领域的矛盾现象,把生与死、过去与未来、真实与幻觉统一起来,具有恐怖、离奇、怪诞的特点。 * Breton根据弗洛依德所创立的精神分析学说,了解到对梦境和无意识对超现实主义艺术具有重要意义。这一学说揭示了沉睡于人们心底、不被人们的意识所触及,但对人们的行为具有决定意义的所谓无意识和潜意识。根据弗洛依德的观点,梦是无意识、潜意识的一种最直接表现形式,是本能在完全不受理性控制下的一种发泄,它剥露了人的灵魂深处秘而不宣的本质。而艺术创作也如同梦幻一般,是潜意识的表现和象征。以此为源,超现实主义艺术家们强调梦幻的万能。他们认为,梦幻能显示“生命永恒”的“彼岸”,只有用梦幻纠正现实,改变现实,才能推倒通往“彼岸”的墙,达到神妙的超现实的境界。 * 本杰明后期的“世俗的启迪”理论中要开阔人类知识和经验的界限,打破日常生活模式。世俗世界揭露了神秘和诗歌。经过这些实验探讨和写作,现实主义者们试图传达 通过对梦境 无意识和潜意识这些精神层面的东西是符合逻辑的 被哲学家亨利•伯根森影响,Breton认为思想不是空洞的,而是物质的力量形成的。精神是不控制,无拘无束的,可能很随机的存在于两个物体之间。 * Breton还借鉴了黑格尔的语言去描绘超现实主义如何去取代异化和二元现代社会。通过生于死、现实和想象、过去和未来...不在视为矛盾。Breton避开了黑格尔的宏伟理性主义历史的辩证法,承认了个人性和历史的必然性。 * Suffice to say that the essentially anarchistic orientation of surrealism and its proclivity for “total revolt” rather than the more limited aims of economic or social reconstruction espoused by established communist and socialist organiztions made the surrealist vision difficult to translate into tangible forms of political action. --- # Conclusion * 从21世纪初的角度看来,dada和超现实主义代表了一种复杂又不明确的遗产。他们努力想要改变社会政治却不成功,他们提倡批判和改变日常生活却大程度的忽略了社会主义和共产主义运动。 * -超现实主义者放弃了革命的原则-文化资本-经济-诱惑 -变成神秘主义 福柯(1978年)没有直接谈到超现实主义的观点 权利和统治的紧密关系,人性黑暗面 纳粹主义的历史经验-质疑-liberatory potential of irrationlist cultural politics * Dada 和超现实主义是第一批有系统的批判信仰,主义美学的人,他们不止是出于纯粹的学术思考而是为了克服艺术与生活之间的错误分裂。 他们把日常生活视为社会政治变革的重要领域,尽管在之后对日常生活的批判对他们来说不是那么重要了。 * 后现代主义的研究---德勒兹和Guattari...

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