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    ## 第二版前言7/8/9 # *异化* ▾ 马克思从下面几个标题来分析了异化: (a) 工人作为物的异化 (b) 生产活动的异化 (c) 作为类生命、种属成员的异化 (d) 作为自然组成部分的异化,作为一组自然需求 • 劳动分工是社会的劳动本质在异化中的经济表现。 • 异化是一种与社会科学,与意识形态,与生产资料和社会关系,甚至人与自然的关系及人的自然本性有关的观念、存在与哲学理论。 • 贫困(Impoverishment) 包括于异化的概念;而异化则是贫困化趋势的前提;应当与无产阶级的生命和需求联系在一起,并与地区,工业种类和国家的分析联系在一起 • 国家 ( the State ) 政治异化 (political alienation)|最为重要的异化类型;决定了反异化及批评可以发生的环境 • 劳动分工( the division of labour)|异化的原因。 政治革命和社会主义都不能结束劳动分工。只不过是可以进入一个过渡阶段,使得共产主义最终能够替代它;异化也将以变形的方式继续下去,并伴随着其反异化(disalienation)。 # 异化·辩证法 黑格尔是用异化来解释矛盾,而马克思是用辩证的矛盾来解释异化。 •“绝对”(absolute)的观念是一个工具,给了相对的知识一个意义。我们都要历史的看待其中部分的真理,在其进化过程的语境中看。 绝对是外在于相对之外的完整的知识,他虽然不可能、只是一个预期,但是已经(already)存在于相对之中。唯有辩证使我们有能力在具体定义一个进步的同时批判随之产生的幻觉。 • 黑格尔的异化是绝对精神转化为自己的对立面或他者,这是异化的一种表现。为了认识自身或反思自身,为了解决矛盾必须引起新的矛盾。理念既是矛盾的动力又是矛盾的结果。逻辑运动体现为对普遍宇宙的一种重构。黑格尔的哲学问题是一种基于人性的反思而构成的封闭体系。自我异化、自我否定都是种自我循环证明,是封闭的同质化的总体性体系。是基于个人反思的纯粹意识的辩证法。 • 马克思冲破了这种封闭体系,将辩证法用于非理性的现实社会与日常生活。证明了辩证的理性起源于非理性自然社会活动和自然生活的人的存在。异化被确定为矛盾和人的形成的一个方面。异化是人类形成过程中所采取的一种辩证的必然形式。 • 异化是一个单一的,又双重化的客观化与外在话过程,即既是实现又是丧失的过程。(既是现实化又是非现实化的双重过程)。但这个过程具有辩证的深刻性。所谓实现就是丧失,反之亦然。无论如何丧失,总是被实现所取代。 # 人·总体人 • 马克思不认为人只是自然的一个简单组成部分,也拒绝认为人通过思想这一个单纯的事实就成为了人。马克思辩证的理解了人的本质,人是一种自我超越的过程中的自然存在。一种与自然斗争并试图控制自然的存在。他在从自然中出现并支配自然的过程中扎入了更深的地方。人一开始是自然的存在物。但在物质自然又表现为碎片、分散、外化,排除和互惠的破坏。自然的他者本质上就是敌对的他者。在历史中人又成为了社会的存在。人的自然性与反自然性产生了冲突。这是人的异化根本而不断更新的内在矛盾。工作构成了人作为创造者的本质;一个有需求的存在创造了其自身的存在;而异化压抑了工作。 • 费尔巴哈将异化归结为人的本质的异化,把人的本质看做人的心理实体,这否定了人的社会历史辩证发展的特点。这种哲学人本主义取消了异化批判的理论基础。 • 新人的概念在此书表现为“总体人”,战胜了异化的全面发展的人的哲学概念。在资本主义社会与社会主义社会都一样。从必然到自由的飞跃,要求一个过渡期。新人并不是一朝就能出现。也不只是量变质变的矛盾这么简单。日常生活批判分析生活,而非将其作为一个含混的实体,他研究矛盾的正反因素,以及新的矛盾,知道到处都有新的矛盾产生。故而新人必须解决其自身的困境才能发展人自身。人与人类一直是在矛盾中(异化)来组成一个整体的。具体、活生生的新人,他只能在社会发展的有限条件中被构想。全面的人也是一个需要“历史化”(社会化)看待的观念。 • 人、社会会同时是最为具体也最为抽象的。总体的社会由具体的人人所构成,也决定了个人的生活与意识。最内部的人的意识也是由最外在的社会环境所决定的。最彻底的社会历史辩证法就存在于最微观的日常生活世界之中。 # 未来计划 • 试图有条理的分析日常生活:语言、姿态、仪式、考古、意识形态、习俗考古,甚至更为广泛的表现欲望、情感、感性生活的神话,以及形象,文学,广播等。 • 这个计划的缺点在于其武断的,外部性的组织形式,本书冒着成为一个哲学著作而非具体的社会调查的风险。 • 考察的对象源自于大量的浪漫宣传(romantic press),或者说女性宣传的原材料。 • 本书的内容包括: (a) 需求理论,将分析上述的观察现象以及当代社会学家、经济学家、人口学家的著作 (b) 以社会学层面(对意识的正式结构,意识形态、从公众表达中能捕捉到的内容与需求),而非经济(商品组织)层面分析浪漫宣传 (c)对日常生活中的阶级关系与态度的分析的大纲-其态度和矛盾所揭示的内容和需求

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