Wei Ji
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    --- image: https://i.imgur.com/wmJ9NV1.png --- # 工程數學筆記 - 通俗的理解卷積運算 (convolution) ### 前言(a.k.a. 廢話) 我修過不少次工程數學,每次都選不同老師的課,因此目前修課老師在個人經驗中算是教學相對熱忱、詳細的;在課程中安插講解實務上的應用場合,用彈簧-質點-阻尼模型來解釋這些解微分方程的方法如何處理實際的物理問題。 最近課程進度到達拉普拉斯章節中的卷積性質,很驚訝他沒有花太多時間在解釋卷積,而是直接依照數學定義開始計算,並且示範其性質,於是我就這樣盯著那個積分方程式整整一節課,想著這玩意兒的幾何意義。(˘•ω•˘) ### 定義 下課之後我去查詢卷積的定義: $$ \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(\tau )g(x-\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau $$ 恩?這東西的上下限怎麼跟我在課堂上看到的不一樣?接著我找到了一段話[^zero]: > For functions f, g supported on only [0, ∞) (i.e., zero for negative arguments), the integration limits can be truncated 在工程上函數可以代表訊號,而實務上我們不會考慮時間小於 0 的訊號,並且我們通常也只需要關注一小段時間內的行為,從而產生一個卷積特例: $$ \int _{0}^{t}f(\tau )g(t-\tau )\,\mathrm {d} \tau $$ 讓我們先專注於這個特例,廣義的卷積等等再回來看。 ### 幾何解釋 本文的重點其實就是一張圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/TqSB37J.png) 在一個三維空間中,f 和 g 分別在兩個互相垂直的平面上,並且方向相反, 看起來就像是兩個函數彼此擦肩而過。 可以看出 $g(\tau)f(t-\tau)$ 或是 $g(t-\tau)f(\tau)$ 便是兩函數相乘後得到的長方形面積, 乘上上 $d \tau$ 的話就會變成「一片微量的體積」了, $g(\tau)f(t-\tau) d \tau$ 與 $g(t-\tau)f(\tau) d \tau$ 的差異來自於: 你是站在 $f(x)$ 的系統上積分還是站在 $g(x)$ 的系統上積分。 積分過後你會得到一條像是烤土司的東西,而這條土司的體積可以描述為: $$ \begin{align} V &= \int_0^t A(\tau)d\tau \\ &= \int_0^t g(\tau)f(t-\tau) d \tau \\ &= \int_0^t g(t-\tau)f(\tau) d \tau \end{align} $$ 這個體積就是我們的卷積了。 ### 廣義卷積的幾何解釋 即使上下限變成無限,總之還是可以用烤土司得方式去思考, 我們不難發現如果兩個函數不會收斂的話,卷積是沒有意義的,因為這會是一條體積無限大的土司(?) ![](https://i.imgur.com/koDxrwZ.png) ※或許在數學上有其他用途或意義,不過以工程而言沒什麼作用,不難理解為什麼在工程數學裡函數被約束成有限的時間區間。 值得注意的是,如果 $f(x)$ 和 $g(x)$ 在 $x$ 小於零的時候,其值都為零, 依照卷積的定義會很自然的把兩端以外的函數乘以零,只留下一條長度為 $t$ 的土司: ![](https://i.imgur.com/wmJ9NV1.png) 這條截斷的土司就是工程上使用的卷積積分方程。 ### 物理意義 幾何意義看起來是條烤土司,不過究竟什麼樣的物理環境會用到這個數學模型呢?🤔 我在網路上找到了一個關於饅頭的例子[^example]: 有一個饅頭工廠,能夠生產饅頭,同時,饅頭放久了會壞掉, 我們可以用一些符號描述這件事: - $f(t)$:工廠生產饅頭速率與時間的關係(單位:個饅頭/單位時間) - $g(t)$:饅頭的生存函數,描述尚未壞掉的饅頭比率與時間的關係(單位:好饅頭/總饅頭) 接著我們提出一個問題: > n 個單位時間之後,我們有多少沒壞的饅頭? 如果我們先用離散方式描述,在第 0 個單位時間生產的饅頭會放 n 個單位時間, 因此在 n 個單位時間後殘留的饅頭數量可以表示成: $f(0)g(n)$ , 在第 1 個時間單位生產的饅頭會放上 n-1 個時間單位,寫作:$f(1)g(n-1)$, 我們可以歸納出: $f(x)g(n-x)$, 最後把所有瞬間的情況積分起來就會得到: $$ \int_0^n f(x)g(n-x) dx $$ 卷積的積分方程就這樣出現在我們眼前了!(⊙ω⊙) ## License <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="創用 CC 授權條款" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" property="dct:title">Wei Ji</span>以<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">創用CC 姓名標示-相同方式分享 4.0 國際 授權條款</a>釋出。 [^zero]: Convolution - Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved 2019-12-19, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution#Definition [^example]: 如何通俗易懂地解释卷积? - 知乎. (matongxue314). Retrieved 2019-12-19, from https://www.zhihu.com/question/22298352 ###### tags: `learning note` `2019-12-19`

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