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--- tags: python --- # DAY 12 認識函式 ## 簡單介紹函式 函式是個取了名字的程式區塊,專們用來完成特定的工作,當我們要執行函式時,可以呼叫函式的名字來完成工作,若需要在一個程式中執行同一項工作很多次,那我們不需要一直寫重複的程式碼,我們只需要呼叫函式來幫我們完成工作 * 定義函式 我們需要用到**def關鍵**字來告知python我們要定義一個函式 範例如下 : ```python= def hello_world(): # 定義一個hello_world()函式 print("hello world") # 函式的工作是印出hello world hello_world() # 呼叫hello_world()函式 ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello world ``` * 把資訊傳入函式內 做法是在我們已經定義的函式括號內放入**參數**,藉由放入參數來接收我們在呼叫函式時**所傳入的任意值** 範例如下 : ```python def greet(name): # 在greet函式放入name去接收任意值,在這裡是接收到"Weiting" print("hello,"+name) greet("Weiting") # 呼叫greet()函式 ``` 輸出結果 : ```python hello,Weiting ``` --- ## 傳入引數 ==**在函式中定義的變數是參數,被函式呼叫的是引數**==,因為函式定義可以有多個參數,所以呼叫函式也可能需要多個引數,我們可以使用**位置引數**和**關鍵字引數** * 位置引數 位置引數是編寫順序要和參數的順序相同,每個引數都要對應到函式定義的參數,如果引數位置順序不對的話,程式不會出錯,但輸出的結果可能不是我們想要的 ! 所以要檢查好引數和參數有沒有對應好 範例如下 : ```python= def pets(pet_name,pet_type): # 定義pets函式需要兩個引數 print("I have a "+pet_type+" and its name is "+pet_name) #以下是函式的多次呼叫,只要在呼叫一次函式它就會印出對應的值 pets("dog","tony") # 將dog引數放入pet_type參數中、tony引數放入pet_name參數中 pets("cat","candy") ``` 輸出結果 : ``` I have a dog and its name is tony I have a cat and its name is candy ``` * 關鍵字引數 關鍵字引數是傳入函式的名-值對,它不像位置引數需要考慮位置順序有沒有一致,我們只需要明確的指出函式中定義的參數名字 範例如下 : ```python= def pets(pet_name,pet_type): print("I have a "+pet_type+" and its name is "+pet_name) # 將pet_name和pet_type交換也是沒關係的,對應的值對了就好 pets(pet_type="dog",pet_name="tony") # 明確的指出pet_type對應dog、pet_name對應tony pets(pet_name="candy",pet_type="cat") ``` 輸出結果 : ``` I have a dog and its name is tony I have a cat and its name is candy ``` * 先給定預設值 可以先給定參數一個預設值,如果在呼叫函式時沒給值的話,就會用預設值來處理 範例如下 : ```python= def pets(pet_name,pet_type="dog"): print("I have a "+pet_type+" and its name is "+pet_name) pets(pet_name="tony") # 預設pet_type是dog所以只要傳入pet_name就好 pets(pet_name="candy",pet_type="cat") # 如果不是dog的話就傳入新的pet_type它就不會使用預設值 ``` 輸出結果 : ```python I have a dog and its name is tony I have a cat and its name is candy ``` #### 今天結束,各位明天見 :hand: *** 資料來源:<<python程式設計的樂趣>>-Eric Matthes著/H&C譯

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