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    ###### tags: `1121` `lsa` `ncnu` # Week 15 (2023/12/21) iptables - Book mode: https://hackmd.io/@ncnu-opensource/book [TOC] :::info - 下週**期中考-2**,下下週期末報告,大家加油 :+1: [name=Ray] - [1111 期末參考](https://hackmd.io/@ncnu-opensource/book/https%3A%2F%2Fhackmd.io%2FW__Ra6XOS3ueQZ4VgIHf5A%3Fview) - [1101 期末參考](https://hackmd.io/@ncnu-opensource/book/%2FAMPBZk5uTu6gtzScnnlt-Q) - [期末 GitHub Template](https://github.com/NCNU-OpenSource/final-project-readme-template/tree/master/template) ::: ### NAT - Network Address Translation - 內網和外網IP位址之間的轉換 - 只要一個外網IP,就能讓多個內網主機可以上網 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkX_OtZDp.png) * 有SNAT、DANT、NASQUERADE ![upload_10c5132dc63ee657ed4496edb5da3263](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1OyoF-wT.png) ### SNAT #### 情境:內網主機(192.168.1.100)要連線到外網(域名 tw.yahoo.com) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJwYOY-PT.png) 1. 內網主機192.168.1.100傳遞封包給NAT主機 2. NAT主機發現目的地不是內網,先透過路由轉到外網網卡 3. 因為內網和外網不能互通,所以就在POSTROUTING chain把來源IP從內網IP換成外網IP,另外會在**NAT translation table**這兩個來源IP、port的對應關西記錄起來,之後回應封包傳回來時就能知道要傳給內網的哪台主機 ![截圖 2023-12-21 下午5.44.12](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sy5ltFbDT.png) 4. 外網回傳封包,目的地是NAT主機的外網IP 5. 在Prerouting chain根據NAT轉譯表的紀錄更改封包目的地 6. 封包成功轉給內網主機 - 範例 `sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o {外部網卡} -j SNAT --to {NAT 主機 IP}` ### MASQUERADE > 動態SNAT - SNAT是靜態的,必須在rule手動設定外網IP - 如果外網IP有變動,SNAT就需要手動去修改(可能會很麻煩) - MASQUERADE會自己去找能連上外網的網卡,看那個網卡的外網IP是甚麼來當作SNAT的來源IP - 範例 `sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o {外部網卡} -j MASQUERADE` ### DNAT > Destination NAT - 跟SNAT相反 - 在路由前(PREROUTING)將外網封包的目的IP從外網IP修改為內網主機的IP - 目的:讓外網能主動連線到內網主機 > 除了 ssh tunnel 之外,也可以用DNAT的方式 - 情境:你在內網主機架了 Web Server,要讓外網連進來 > 先在 NAT 設定送到 NAT 80 port的封包,會轉送到內網主機的80port ![截圖 2023-12-21 下午5.49.20](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1AQ5KWPT.png) 1. 外網要連到內網主機的 Web Server,需要先連到 NAT 主機上 2. 當 NAT 主機接收到封包後,會在PREROUTING chain 將目的IP 從外網IP 改成內網IP,也就是變成連線到192.168.1.210的80 port,另外也當在 nat translation table 把這兩個目的IP、Port 的對應關係記錄起來 3. 封包會路由到192.168.1.2 這個內網網卡,然後再傳送到目的地192.168.1.210 的 80 port ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1Ba5YWw6.png) ```=1 sudo iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING \ -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.210:80 ``` ![截圖 2023-12-21 下午5.54.04](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyYHiFWwp.png) | | SNAT | DNAT | M | | -------- | -------- | --- | -------- | | 功用 | | | | | 使用場景 | | | | ### NAT實作 #### 架構 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1R-2Y-Pa.png) #### 前置處理 >NAT * 網卡:橋接介面卡&僅限主機介面卡 * 橋接介面卡 ![upload_89a8c4d35173466a4431aca7fa7ecc41](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyzA3Kbwp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJauTt-vT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryBp6KbvT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1H-AtZPa.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r13H0YbPp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bkn80KZPT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJGHl9WP6.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkdRe9-va.png) ### DMZ - Dtermilitarized Zone (非軍事區) - 用防火牆將內網分成兩個區域 - 1.對外開放的DMZ - 2. 不對外開放的LAN(內網的其他主機) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1wOMqbw6.png) WHY? - 有服務必須開放給外網使用 EX: Web Server - 想對外開放服務就會有被攻擊的風險 - 盡量減少被攻擊時的受災區域 - 把受災區域只限縮在DMZ,而不是整個內網都淪陷 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1g2Gqbwa.png)

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