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Diskretne strukture (FiM) - vaje 9.12.2020
Urejenosti
Delna urejenost \((A, \le)\)
\(x\) infimum množice \(B \subseteq A\):
\[ x = \inf B \iff \forall y \in B: x \le y \land \forall z \in A: (\forall y \in B: z \le y \Rightarrow z \le x) \]
\(x\) supremum množice \(B \subseteq A\):
\[ x = \sup B \iff \forall y \in B: y \le x \land \forall z \in A: (\forall y \in B: y \le z \Rightarrow x \le z) \]
Naloga 1
Na \(\mathbb{R}^2\) definiramo relacijo \(\preceq\) takole:
\[ (x_1,y_1)\preceq(x_2,y_2) \Leftrightarrow x_1 \leq x_2 {\rm\;in\;} y_1 \leq y_2. \]
refleksivnost: \((x_1, y_1) \preceq (x_1, y_1) \iff x_1 \le x_1 \land y_1 \le y_1\) velja
antisimetričnost:
\[ \begin{aligned} (x_1, y_1) \preceq (x_2, y_2) \land (x_2, y_2) \preceq (x_1, y_1) &\Rightarrow x_1 \le x_2 \land y_1 \le y_2 \land x_2 \le x_1 \land y_2 \le y_1 \\ &\Rightarrow x_1 = x_2 \land y_1 = y_2 \\ &\Rightarrow (x_1, y_1) = (x_2, y_2) \end{aligned} \]
tranzitivnost:
\[ \begin{aligned} (x_1, y_1) \preceq (x_2, y_2) \land (x_2, y_2) \preceq (x_3, y_3) &\Rightarrow x_1 \le x_2 \land y_1 \le y_2 \land x_2 \le x_3 \land y_2 \le y_3 \\ &\Rightarrow x_1 \le x_3 \land y_1 \le y_3 \\ &\Rightarrow (x_1, y_1) \preceq (x_3, y_3) \end{aligned} \]
Teorija grafov
(Neusmerjen) graf \(G = (V, E)\)
Stopnja vozlišča \(u \in V\): \(d_G(u) = d(u) = |\lbrace e \in E \mid u \in e \rbrace|\)
Maksimalna stopnja grafa \(\Delta(G) = \max_{u \in V} d_G(u)\)
Minimalna stopnja grafa \(\delta(G) = \min_{u \in V} d_G(u)\)
Graf je dvodelen, če lahko zapišemo \(V = A + B\), tako da za vsako povezavo \(\lbrace u, v \rbrace \in E\) velja \(u \in A\), \(v \in B\)
Grafa \(G_1 = (V_1, E_1)\) in \(G_2 = (V_2, E_2)\) sta izomorfna, če obstaja bijektivna preslikava \(f : V_1 \to V_2\), tako da velja
\[ \forall u, v \in V_1: (\{u, v\} \in E_1 \iff \{f(u), f(v)\} \in E_2) \]
Naloga 2
Dan je graf \(G=(V,E)\), kjer je \(V = \lbrace 1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace\) in \(E = \lbrace \lbrace 1,2 \rbrace, \lbrace 1,4 \rbrace, \lbrace 1,5 \rbrace, \lbrace 2,3 \rbrace, \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace, \lbrace 3,4 \rbrace, \lbrace 4,5 \rbrace \rbrace\).
Graf ni dvodelen, saj vsebuje lihe cikle (trikotniki, petkotnik).
Naloga 3
Na zabavi se je zbralo \(13\) ljudi. Vsak je s seboj prinesel \(3\) darila, ki bi jih rad izmenjal s tremi drugimi udeleženci zabave. Ali je to izvedljivo? Predstavi kot problem iz teorije grafov in ga reši.
Lema o rokovanju: \(\sum_{u \in V} d_G(u) = 2 |E|\)
To torej ni izvedljivo.
Naloga 4
Ali sta spodnja grafa izomorfna?
Naloga 5
Ali sta spodnja grafa izomorfna?
Naloga 6
Ali sta spodnja grafa izomorfna? Nasvet: v vsakem od grafov preštej cikle dolžine \(4\).