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    --- slideOptions: transition: slide --- # 移动通信知识小科普 --- * 手机,你的辐射危害到底有多大 * 手机,信号质量的衡量指标是啥 * 基站,你的辐射危害到底有多大 * 基站,伪基站到底是怎么一回事 <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 36px;" --> --- ## <font color="#f00">手机,你的辐射危害到底有多大</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/otDmkAq.png) ---- :::info 非电离辐射 vs 电离辐射 ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/VKvSrvt.png) * 一部分电磁辐射对人体健康非常不利,被称作“==电离辐射==”,它们通常会伴随极大的能量,如太阳光(会造成晒伤乃至皮肤癌)、X光、宇宙射线等,这些高能电磁波会把人体内的原子中的电子给直接轰击出去,失去电子的原子就带上了正电,这个过程叫做“电离”。 * 另外一部分电磁辐射对人体的影响相对不那么明显,称作“==非电离辐射==”,它们产生的能量很小,如收音机和微波炉辐射,以及无线设备辐射,这些类型的电磁波频率较低,被人体吸收之后,所含的能量最终转化成了热量。 <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- * 电离辐射的危害是巨大的,这一点确凿无疑,因此也没有必要再进行讨论,但是,广泛应用在无线通信中的无线电波或者微波产生的<font color="#f00">非电离辐射到底是否对人体有害呢?</font> * 非电离辐射会产生两种影响:热效应和非热效应。 1. 所谓热效应,即是人体受电磁波的影响,内部产生感应电流,体内的分子运动加剧,电磁波的能量最终转化为热量。我们日常使用的4G/5G==手机的发射功率,一般都只有几百毫瓦==(参见协议38.101对UE等级的定义),对人引起的局部温度升高不超过0.2度,再加之血液的流动,基本不会对人体产生影响。 2. 所谓非热效应,即除了组织发热之外的其它生理影响,比如:细胞生长和增殖会不会受到影响?体内各种酶的活性会不会受到影响?... <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ![](https://i.imgur.com/ozc0num.png) ---- * <font color="green">**结论是,非常遗憾,科学共同体对此的回答是:不知道,因为没有彻底搞清楚,或者说还存在争论。**</font> * 迄今为止,负面的正面的结论都有,有评估报告称无线通信设备产生的电磁场增加了患神经胶质瘤(一种脑瘤)的风险,也有评估报告称毫米波能够抑制皮下肿瘤生长,总结下来还是那句话:迄今为止,没有任何研究表明存在一致的证据,证明接触射频场强度低于造成组织发热的限值,会产生不良健康后果。 * 那么,手机辐射的国际标准是啥?其实各个国家和组织制定了相关的电磁辐射暴露健康标准,将手机的辐射严格限制在一个很小的范围内。只要遵守这些标准,就可以认为是安全的。这个指标是:==SAR,电磁辐射比吸收率==, 其定义为「人体的一部分组织,平均一秒钟时间会吸收多少手机发出的电磁波能量」,单位为W/kg。 <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ![](https://i.imgur.com/Krag2W4.png) ---- * 中国在2007年发布了GB 21288《移动电话电磁辐射局部暴露限值》这一强制标准。该国标借鉴了欧洲的标准,明确规定:任意10克生物组织、任意连续6分钟内的平均比吸收率(SAR)值不得超过2.0W/kg。 * 比如,我正在使用的是小米10的5G手机,通过 “设置” -> “我的设备” -> “认证信息”,可以看到如下信息:(iphone手机,通过 “设置” > “通用” > “关于本机” > “版权” > “射频能量暴露” 看到) ![](https://i.imgur.com/IA79lCC.jpg) * 总结起来,手机的辐射客观存在,目前也确实没有办法证明手机辐射无害,只是能是倾向于无害。现如今,无线通信给我们带来了前所未有方便和快捷,利弊权衡,非电离辐射那一点儿未知的风险简直是不值一提。 * 如果非要我给点建议的话,那么就是:大家睡觉时,把手机放远一些,不要放在枕头边上,拨打和接听电话时,接通1-2秒之后,再靠近耳朵~,信号不好的时候最好别打电话。 <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> --- ## <font color="#f00">手机,信号质量的衡量指标是啥</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/hui1MX1.jpg) ---- * 一般来说,常见的用来衡量无线信号质量的指标有RSRP、RSSI、RSRQ和SINR。 * LTE网络中手机通过对小区特定参考信号(CRS)的测量获得RSRP,RSSI,RSRQ和SINR值。 * 5G网络中取消了小区特定参考信号(CRS),手机通过对同步信号(SS)和信道状态信息(CSI)的测量获得RSRP,RSRQ和SINR值。例如SS-RSRP是手机接收到同步信号的功率,而CSI-RSRP是手机接收到CSI参考信号的功率,二者计算方法一样,只不过测量的对象不一样而已。 * 下图左侧是我的手机使用某路测软件获得的信号质量信息,右侧则是通过手机的工程模式查看信号强度。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/HJOrByI.png) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- <font color="green">**下面我们以LTE为例来解释一下这几个指标的含义**</font> * ==RSRP==:(Reference Signal Receiving Power,<font color="red">参考信号接收功率</font>) ,它是代表无线信号强度的关键参数,正式的定义可以在3GPP 36.214中找到,它是承载参考信号的所有RE(资源粒子)上接收到的信号功率的平均值。 * 下图红色部分是发射参考信号的RE,RSRP可以理解为红色部分的功率的线性平均。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/pVvoK5H.png) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- * ==RSSI==: (Received Signal Strength Indication,<font color="red">接收信号强度指示</font>),它测量的是含有参考信号的那些符号上接收到的总接收功率(包括有用信号,噪声,干扰等)的线性平均值。UE不需要上报RSSI,但计算RSRQ需要使用到它。 另外,RSSI的测量带宽由UE自行决定。 * ==RSRQ==:(Reference Signal Receiving Quality,<font color="red">参考信号接收质量</font>),这个指标被定义为RSRQ = N * RSRP/RSSI,其中N是RSSI测量带宽内的RB个数。RSRQ可以看成是本小区的负载和质量的综合指标,而不单纯是质量指标。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/DiwTQtX.png) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- * ==SINR==:(Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio,<font color="red">信号干扰噪声比</font>),也就是常说的“信噪比”,是指接收到的有用信号强度与接收到的干扰信号(噪声和干扰之和)强度的比值,反映当前信道的链路质量。注意这是一个比值,通常用分贝(dB)表示,也就是说只是接收到的信号强度大没有用,还得看噪声的水平,就好比你喊得大声没用,如果有人吵得比你还大声,那对方可能还是听不清楚(解调不出来)。 * 下图是4G和5G协议规范中的测量配置参数,可以看到5G支持基于SINR的测量配置和报告。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xe9qZOj.png) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> --- ## <font color="#f00">基站,你的辐射危害到底有多大</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/lzix01K.jpg) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/C6snAVJ.png) ---- * 我国电磁辐射的标准是根据2014年国标的一个标准《电磁环境控制限值》(==GB8702-2014==)来限定的,当中有一个电磁辐射的上限值,站在1米远的地方,==每平方米0.4瓦==(每平方厘米40微瓦)。 * 这项标准中,对于电磁辐射环境的控制限值是根据频率划分的。因为,5G移动通信基站之前,所有移动通信基站的工作频率都在800MHz-3000MHz的范围内,因此对应的限值则可以使用GB8702中规定的频率范围在30MHz-3000MHz这一档的限值标准,也就是常常会被提到的 “基站周围功率密度限制为每平方厘米40微瓦(40μW/cm2)”,一般来说,电吹风的辐射可以达到100微瓦/平方厘米,电磁炉的辐射可以达到580微瓦/平方厘米,所以,5G通讯基站的辐射量还不如你家的电器,和太阳辐射相比,更是微不足道。 * 放在国际上横向比较来看,美国标准是每平方厘米600微瓦,欧盟是450微瓦,我国要更加严格。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/k2UMUdK.png) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- <span><!-- .element: class="fragment highlight-green" -->我们来粗略计算一下真实的情况吧 - 首先看看基站</span> ![](https://i.imgur.com/Dnf1btZ.png) ---- <span><!-- .element: class="fragment highlight-green" -->我们来粗略计算一下真实的情况吧 - 再来看看手机</span> ![](https://i.imgur.com/mz97t5Q.png) ---- <span><!-- .element: class="fragment highlight-red" -->拆除了基站之后会怎么样?</span> ![](https://i.imgur.com/2cWBMVG.png) <!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom" --> --- ## <font color="#f00">基站,伪基站到底是怎么一回事</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/Lu985cc.png) ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/9zHU2qW.png) * 据说最早的时候,它是一种公安警用设备,是用来跟踪流动人口,协助破案的技术手段,后来被不法分子利用... * 典型的伪基站通常由简易天线和专用开源软件组成,模拟目标基站,依据相关协议向目标终端发送信令,可以迫使目标终端进行小区重选,位置更新以及切换,从而达到网络诈骗,获取隐私信息等目的。 * 伪基站诞生于2G时代,2G系统设计中仅支持网络对的终端的单向认证,终端无法判断接入的基站和网络是否可信。4G时代,通过增加基站和手机之间的双向鉴权认证、信令加密和完整性保护、增强安全算法和密匙等方式,安全性得到了空前提升,但是仍然存在一些间接的隐患: <font color="#f00">**可以制造条件获取用户的IMSI**</font>,或者<font color="#f00">**可以制造条件让用户回落到2G伪基站**</font> (参见下页流程图) <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 18px;" --> ---- ![](https://i.imgur.com/f7lSlmC.png) ---- <font color="yellow">**从2G到4G,伪基站不断通过技术变革来对抗协议升级和监管手段,5G时代又怎么样呢?**</font> ![](https://i.imgur.com/vH7JQ0W.png) * 5G理论上支持所谓“基于网络和UE辅助”的方式来捕获伪基站,就是UE终端设备负责收集信息,将信号强度等信息通过测量报告上报给网络,网络结合网络拓扑、配置信息等相关数据,对所有数据进行综合分析,确认在某个区域中是否存在伪基站,同时,通过定位技术,锁定伪基站位置,从而彻底打击伪基站。 * 题外话:<font color="green">低成本高性能小型化一直是伪基站开发者追求的目标之一,单纯从技术角度来看,伪基站还是有点意思的。</font><font color="red">但是制造和销售伪基站在我们国家是违法行为。</font> <!-- .slide: style="font-size: 24px;" --> --- # The End

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