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    # A4: Non Terrestrial Networks (NTN) ###### tags: `Wireless Communications` ## What's NTN :::info NTN(Non-Terrestrial Network):5G NTN 衛星網路可提供更完整全球涵蓋功能,地面網路無法觸及的地區,都可透過智慧手機達成 5G 衛星通訊,加速 5G 網路地面和衛星整合,形成無縫通訊網路,智慧手機用戶不需新增配件,可望一機雙網、天地連線。新技術將擴大 5G 連接可用性,特別於關鍵通訊、交通、農業、車隊和重型機器管理及物聯網等,支援更多應用場景和新業務發展。 ::: ## Why need NTN :::info 愛立信移動報告預測,到 2024 年底,智能手機的使用量將增加 45%,平均每月消耗超過 21 GB 的數據(大約是 2018 年消耗量的 4 倍)並產生 95 佔總移動數據流量的百分比。 在這種情況下,滿足所有用戶請求並隨時隨地提供所需的服務質量 (QoS),即使是在郵輪、高速火車和飛機上旅行時,也是未來電信系統面臨的主要挑戰之一。 主要原因分為兩種: 1. 衛星連接在沒有覆蓋的情況下變得不可或缺,這是由於基礎設施的不可能性(即海上場景),或者有可能但沒有經濟便利的地方。 2. 與可能因自然災害或攻擊而導致服務中斷的地面通信不同,衛星網絡在不能承擔故障風險的關鍵任務應用情況下保證服務連續性。 ::: ## NTN兩種平台分類 ### Spaceborne Spaceborne(星載)平台的分類通常取決於三個主要參數 * 高度,altitude * 波束足跡大小,beam footprint size * 軌道,orbit 衛星類型:LEO、MEO、GEO ### Airborne Airborne(機載)平台:機載類別包括無人駕駛飛機系統 (UAS) 平台,這些平台通常放置在 8 至 50 公里的高度,包括 20 公里高度的高空平台系統 (HAPS)。 與 GEO 衛星類似,UAS 的位置可以在天空中保持固定。 地面上的給定點。 UAS 光束足跡尺寸範圍為 5 至 200 公里。 ## 5G用例 5G NTN 用例可分為三類: 1. 提供 NTN 接入的服務連續性,通過地面網絡無法實現; 2. 服務無處不在,以在災難導致地面網絡暫時中斷或破壞的情況下提高 NTN 的可用性; 3. 和服務可擴展性以從地面網絡卸載流量,即使在繁忙時間也是如此。 由於衛星傳播延遲和對可靠性、可用性和延遲的嚴格 URLLC 要求,提供 URLLC 服務可能是一項具有挑戰性的任務,NTN 主要將 eMBB 和 mMTC 作為定義用例的主要 5G 服務推動者。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/5xKy8XT.jpg) 至於 eMBB 服務,NTN 旨在在未服務/服務不足的地區和移動平台(即船隻和飛機)上提供寬帶連接,並通過結合地面和 NTN 系統來提供網絡彈性。 此外,NTN 還可用於通過提供廣播信道來卸載地面網絡,以通過家庭場所或移動平台的車載向手持或車載 UE 傳遞廣播/多播內容或廣域/局域公共安全消息。 至於 mMTC,NTN 支持廣域和本地 IoT 服務的連接。 在廣域物聯網服務的情況下,通過衛星和地面 gNB 為遠程信息處理應用(即汽車和公路運輸、能源、農業)提供物聯網設備和 NTN 平台之間的連接以及服務連續性 )。 在局域網 IoT 服務的情況下,NTN 通過收集屬於部署在一個或多個小區覆蓋範圍內的傳感器組的信息,在移動核心網絡和為 IoT 設備服務的 gNB 之間提供連接。 ### 海事場景 NTN 也代表了海事場景的一個有吸引力的解決方案。 通過陸地網絡確保海上覆蓋是不可行的,因為它很昂貴並且引入了容量限制。 因此,NTN 通過管理海洋空間並與海上平台協作為設備和用戶提供無縫海上交通服務,可能有助於促進海洋行業內的通信。 NTN 也可用於發送通知(即通知船舶處於危險中的船舶的位置)和緊急請求(即海上事故)以提高海上安全。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OtxsUSC.png) ## NTN Architecture ### 衛星接入架構 ![](https://i.imgur.com/fDPLdE7.png) 圖 (a)顯示了透明的基於衛星的架構,其中 NTN 平台將 NR 信號從 NTN gateway中繼到 NTN terminal,反之亦然。 饋線鏈路上的衛星無線電接口 (SRI) 與服務鏈路上的無線電接口(即 NR-Uu)相同。 NTN terminal可以將NR-Uu接口的NR信號轉發給gNB。 一個或多個透明衛星可以連接到地面上的同一個 gNB。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/gZsKdp6.png) 圖 (b) 根據基站gNB的設計原則,一些分佈式模塊gNB-DU能夠只連接到一個中央模塊gNB-CU。這使得大區域5G覆蓋更加容易。基於再生型有效載荷的5G衛星段體系結構使用星間鏈路(ISL)實現區域或全球無線接入網覆蓋(如圖7所示)。星間鏈路提供分佈式模塊gNB-DU之間的邏輯接口F1,分佈式模塊gNB-DU通過F1使用衛星無線電接口(SRI)作為遠程無線電單元和衛星之間的傳輸鏈路。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/KSGg20P.png) 圖 2(c) 顯示了基於再生衛星的“5G NR 友好”NTN 架構。 地面上的 gNB-CU 通過 SRI 上的 F1 接口連接到 NTN 平台,充當 gNB-DU。 NR-Uu 是 NTN 終端和衛星上 gNB-DU 之間的無線電接口,而 NG 接口將地面上的 gNB-CU 連接到 5GC。 gNB-DU 板載不同的 NTN 平台可以連接到地面上的同一個 gNB-CU。 ### 類似繼電器的架構 ![](https://i.imgur.com/sWyLHLq.png) 在圖 (a) 中,接入網通過中繼節點將 NR 信號轉發到 NTN 終端,中繼節點從透明的基於有效載荷的衛星接收它。 在圖(b) 和圖(c) 中,基於再生載荷的衛星分別包括完整和部分 gNB。 中繼節點將從具有 gNB 功能拆分(參見圖(c))的基於再生有效載荷的衛星(參見圖(b))接收到的 NR 信號轉發到 NTN 終端。 為了進一步研究中描述了集成接入和回程 (IAB) 架構,它在考慮接入和回程鏈路時中繼接入流量。 ## 5G 系統中的非陸地網絡 在5G技術下,要支援NTN,服務連續性是要確保的關鍵要求之一。兩個 NG-RAN 之間的服務連續性要求意味著規範支持應該能夠實現系統之間的無縫切換而不會中斷服務以及流暢的 IDLE 模式 UE 操作以實現最佳網絡選擇。 NTN 段與地面網絡相結合時,由於提高容量(由於高頻重用和預編碼技術)和確保即使在旅行中的服務連續性,在實現全球覆蓋方面發揮著重要作用。因此,地面和非地面網絡的整合被認為是 5G 技術發展的有吸引力的解決方案。 * Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks (SAGIN) * 利用深度學習方法實現流量平衡,提高了系統性能 * 通過引入結合 SDN 和網絡功能虛擬化 (NFV) 的新架構,簡化了非陸地和陸地網絡的集成,該架構通過軟件實現特定的硬件功能。 ## 未決問題和未來方向 ### 移動管理 NGSO 衛星的特點是比 GEO 衛星更短的傳播延遲和更高的數據速率。 因此,它們被認為是增強 5G 地面網絡的有效解決方案。 然而,地球周圍的 NGSO 衛星和給定區域中的 UE 的運動會產生一個時變 NGSO 信道。 NGSO 衛星鏈路的動態特性對切換和尋呼程序具有重要意義。 ### 傳播延遲管理 傳播延遲對非地面通信中的系統性能有深遠的影響,可以被視為 URLLC 應用程序和關鍵通信(即公共安全)的主要挑戰之一。 從 NTN 網關通過空間/機載平台(即透明有效載荷)或從空間/機載平台到 NTN 終端(即再生有效載荷)的延遲。 ## 結論 NTN 在其兩種設計選項(即獨立衛星與集成地面和非地面架構)中的相關性預計將在 5G 之後的生態系統中進一步提高。 NTN 由於其獨特的特性(即長傳播延遲、NGSO 衛星的運動等)表現出某些獨特的效果。 在適當的時候,這項工作最終詳細闡述了主要的開放問題(移動性、傳播延遲和無線電資源分配),目的是了解未來有吸引力的研究方向。

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