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    # What is Machine Learning ## 引言(名言佳句?) >“Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed" >讓電腦無需明確程式設計即可學習的研究領域 >---Arthur Samuel(1959) >“A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.” >“如果電腦程式在 T 中的任務中的表現(按 P 測量)隨著經驗 E 的提高而提高,則可以說它可以從關於某類任務 T 和性能測量 P 的經驗 E 中學習。” ---Tom Mitchell(1997) ### 範例 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1ppAPfzp.png) 從關於某類任務 T 和性能測量 P 的經驗 E 中學習 先通過E(training set)將 model 訓練好 → model 學習經驗 通過T(testing set)測驗 model 的P → 通過T得出效能P ### model training 流程圖 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkobbuff6.png) ## 四種mdeol類型 1. 監督學習 (Supervised Learning): - [Classification](/0fKPwVJSTAqVqwRvC1s9AA) [Regression](/uUM_D_UFSN6_mClhGr7JuQ) - 分類 (Classification): 分類是一種監督學習任務,通常用於將數據點分為不同的類別或類別。它的目標是為每個輸入數據點分配一個預定義的類別標籤。常見的分類算法包括決策樹、支持向量機 (SVM)、K最近鄰 (K-Nearest Neighbors)、神經網絡等。 - 回歸 (Regression): 回歸也是一種監督學習任務,但與分類不同,它的目標是預測數值結果而不是類別標籤。通常,回歸用於建立一個模型,該模型可以預測連續性數值,例如價格、溫度、股票價格等。線性回歸和多項式回歸是常見的回歸技術,還有其他高級回歸方法。 - 介紹: 在監督學習中,模型接受有標籤的訓練數據,其中每個數據點都有一個已知的正確答案(標 籤)。模型的目標是學習如何映射輸入數據到正確的輸出,以便在未見過的數據上進行預測。 - 例子: 手寫數字識別,其中模型訓練於數字圖像和相對應的數字標籤。 - 圖示 : ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkvRu_zfp.png) ![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1200/1*Nf2tTTkALYq6RTMQmhjo1A.png) 2. 非監督學習 (Unsupervised Learning): - 介紹: 在非監督學習中,模型處理沒有標籤的數據,目標是發現數據中的結構、模式或群集。這種方法通常用於降維、集群分析和特徵提取。 - 例子: K-均值聚類,該算法通過將數據點劃分為 K 個簇來識別模式。 - 示意圖: ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkhpOdMGa.png) 3. 半監督學習 (Semi-Supervised Learning): - 介紹: 半監督學習結合了監督和非監督學習的元素。它使用少量有標籤的數據和大量無標籤的數據來進行訓練,以提高模型的性能。 - 例子: 在文本分類中,您可能擁有一些文章有標籤,但大多數文章是無標籤的,半監督學習可用於提高分類性能。 - 示意圖: (無標準示意圖,因為它是混合了監督和非監督學習的方法) 4. 強化學習 (Reinforcement Learning): - 介紹: 強化學習是一種學習方式,模型通過與環境互動,根據其行動而獲得的回饋信號來學習。目標是找到最佳策略,以最大化長期獎勵。 - 例子: 機器人學習遊戲中的最佳策略,例如學習玩象棋或打電子遊戲。 - 示意圖: Reinforcement Learning ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg/500px-Reinforcement_learning_diagram.svg.png) ## The challenges of machine learning - Challenges in data selection - 訓練資料不足 - 通常需要數千條數據,有時甚至更多… - 訓練資料不具代表性 - 選舉民調 - 低品質 - 異常值,缺乏特徵價值 - 不相關的特徵 - 要素過多 - Challenges in model selection - 過擬合 - model too complex - 未擬合 - model too easy ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyXTh_Mfp.png)

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