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    {%hackmd HkmJzZxj2 %} ## 共筆 :::info 請將筆記內容記在下方~ ::: ### 緣起 - 張慶瑞教授 - 台灣成為第 7 個使用 IBM 醉心量子電腦技術國家的推手 ### 科技文明與霸權 - 石器時代 - 鐵器時代 - 火器時代 - 工業革命 - 量子革命 - 原子彈 - 第一次量子革命 - 半導體 - 雷射 - x-ray、MRI - 核能 - 第二次量子革命 ### 物理學的討論範疇 | | 遠小於光速 | 接近光速 | |:------------------:|:----------:| -------- | | 遠大於奈米等級 | Classical mechanics | 相對論 | | 接近或小於奈米等級 | 量子力學 | Quantum field theory | ### 量子電腦的發展背景 第五次 Solvay 會議 - 愛因斯坦 - 波耳 - 普朗克 - 居爾夫人 - 狄拉克 - 需丁格 - 包利 - 海森堡 - ... 愛因斯坦 vs 波耳 - 上帝是不是擲骰子 - 愛因斯坦: 因果論 (古典力學) - 波耳: 機率論 (量子力學) ### 普朗克量子理論 > 量子是指物質與能量的基本單位 E = h * v - E: 能量 - h: 普朗克常數 - $6.6207004 * 10^{34}$ 焦耳秒 - v: 光子頻率 > 頻率越高,能量越高 ### 薛丁格的貓 解釋量子態 (疊加態) 拋硬幣 #### 糾纏態 甲地與乙地的原子進行糾纏 甲地觀測 => 乙地等同被觀測 > 量子科技應用: 疊加態、糾纏態 #### 平行宇宙 ### 第二次量子革命 應用到疊加態或糾纏態 - 量子電腦 - 量子AI - 量子模擬感測 ### 電腦發展史 超級電腦: 每秒 $10^{15}$ (PB) 級運算 - 真空管 - ENIAC - 電晶體 - 能階 => 0,1 - IC - 一堆電晶體 - 晶圓 - 量子硬體? - 超導體 (JJ junction) - IBMQ - 量子點 - 囚禁離子 - 拓樸量子位元 通用型量子電腦 - 使用量子邏輯閘 #### 光量子電腦 - 無須超低溫 - 九章電腦 備註:美國雖然禁止低溫技術進入中國,但中國自己有能力做出稀釋性製冷機,中國最大的困難是氦氣來源 ### QA Q: 量子目前在台灣企業的發展 A:沒有,出國去吧,不過鴻海有研究所(很肝),美國的量子科學家年薪數十萬美金(不可靠消息:最低年薪五萬美金) Q: 如何學習到更多量子位元的東西 A: IBM 有 400 多個量子位元,目前最大問題是錯誤的控制(fidelity 不理想) Q: 是否量子位元越多錯誤越高 A: 否(沒有 error correlation 的話,是),更多的是如何 model 成量子運算的問題 Q: 如果有辦法把問題變成量子閘問題,是否就 ok A: 是,不過目前沒有通用型的量子程式,量子電腦有可能有傳統電腦的發展過程 (如 compiler, 高階語言等) (嚴格來說,qiskit 就算 compiler 和高階語言,應該說量子電腦版的 compiler 和高階語言沒有) Q: 怎麼看中性原子的發展 A: 不是物理背景不太能回答,目前可以用光子、離子等做量子態,目前鴻海在做的是量子井的部分(個人,請觀看 Rydebrg atom,跟離子並駕齊驅) Q: 光子 or 離子做量子的優缺點 A: 光子很難做成 universal quantum computer,ion trapped 可以;光子不容易受環境影響,離子相比光子較易受外部環境影響 Q: 前陣子的常溫超導是否能應用到量子電腦上 A: 即便是高溫超導體,並不會,因為還要看材料 anti-noise 的特性 (另外還需要檢驗是否是唬爛的) Q: 資工的領域在量子運算的發展 A: 傳統電腦也是經過數十年的發展,量子電腦應該也是如此,量子科技是一種破壞性的創造 Q: 量子閘和量子退火的技術是否能做到合併 A: 量子閘目前已經可以做到通用型程式設計 (搜尋演算法、疊加態等),退火器比較不同,非通用型的程式設計方式,需要再做轉譯 (數學上,gate based 與 adiabetic 是等價,另外它們兩個是不同的計算方法,沒有合併一說) Q: 傳統電腦可以做最佳化,量子電腦 A: 傳統電腦不會死掉,量子的問題會到量子電腦上而傳統的還是會處理傳統的部分,像是車子和飛機的概念(在可見的未來,classical 和 quantum 會同步發展,互相輔助,即 hybrid classical-quantum algorithm) Q: 電資學生在量子上的發展方向 A:讀博士班,IBMQ,《Python 程式設計做量子電腦設計》,看老師寫的書,高階 compiler、Joesphson junction,量子計算注重數學,與傳統邏輯閘不同的是量子邏輯閘是可逆運算 Q: 如果證明 P=NP,量子電腦可以解 NP 問題,是否量子電腦的發展會受限 A: 老師個人淺見 P != NP(如證明可以得諾貝爾等級數學獎)

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